Istitsna’ in Surah Al-An’am: Meanings and Its Implication

Article History: Received: 28/10/2019 Revised: 14/1/2020 Accepted: 18/1/2020 Published: 25/1/2020 This research aimed to describe the type and functions of istitsna’ in Surah al-An’am, the meanings of ‘adawat istitsna’ and the implication for Arabic teaching and learning. The research design is descriptive qualitative. The result of this research, istitsna’ phrases in Surah al-An’am based on type and function, those are istitsna’ muttashil which function is li takhsis, istitsna’ munqothi' which function is li istidrak and istitsna’ 'mufarragh which function is li hasr. The ‘adawat isttisna' is not always meaningless "except" (kecuali/selain) but it can also mean "only"/"nothing but” (hanya/tidak lain hanyalah) in certain patterns. The implication of this research, there are 14 selections of patterns of istitsna’ that can be implemented in Arabic teaching and learning. For example, the patterns represented in understanding the theories of istitsna’ and the production of sentences by istitsna’ patterns for both of speaking or writing. Copyright © 2019, Muzdalifah This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license


INTRODUCTION
Arabic is one of the most important languages (Andriani, 2015;Nugroho, 2016;Pancarani, 2016;Mustofa, 2018). Arabic language has a great influence on the languages of the world in all aspects of life (Adebisi, Abdulwahid Aliy;Mukadam, 2019) including learning that is widespread in all corners of the world especially Indonesia (Suryadarma & Abdillah, 2018). It's proven by Arabic is one of the oldest languages that is still used today (Andriani, 2015;Abidin & Satrianingsih, 2018) and recognized as the 4 th most used language of the Internet (Guellil, et al, 2019). In other side, Arabic is usefull not only for life (communication and understand the Islamic religious law and its sharia) (Istiqomah & Mahliatussikah, 2019) it self, but also has another function. Those are arabic for economic, education , academic, objective and other purposes . So, one of the successes in world transactions depends on language, understand language, besides also understanding culture and religion (Budiman, 2015). The conclusion is that Arabic as a second language is one of the basic human needs (Asy'ari, 2016) at the moment.
Arabic is a beautiful language (Dewi, 2016). It is even included in the category of prestige (Masqon, 2018) that evidenced by the Qoran which has a beautiful grammar and is different from other holy books (Nasrudin & Nadia, 2016). In addition to the Qoran also examined the content and interpretation. It shows that the existence of Arabic until now is one of them represented by the Qoran (Salim, 2015) And islam. Because islam has relation with arabic (Syukran, 2018). And Qoran is written in Arabic. This reality shows that humans can learn it for the benefit of the community and social life (Rusdi, 2015). Besides that, Arabic also has many special things. Among them, Arabic is rich in vocabulary, has perfect rules for analyzing the structure of verses (parsing), and also has a unique morphological system. Arabic is sometimes concise (i'jaz) and has an accurate and comprehensive expression (Adib, 2009) also sometimes ithnab (lengthening the disclosure).
The superiority of Arabic in the form of structure is included in the discussion of Arabic syntax or Nahwu. the study of nahwu is not new but the study and research in nahwu science is very dynamic until now. So it can help the understanding of Arabic learners in understanding Arabic grammar or Nahwu, arabic text and also Arabic officially. In Arabic, nahwu cannot be ignored because without it, Arabic will become chaotic and the order of words and sentences will be disorganized. for example learning Arabic grammar so that it can understand both of grammar it self and the contents of the Qoran well too (Dihe, 2018;Hasnah, 2018). Therefore, in learning Arabic, nahwu science is important to learn (Sehri, 2010; especially for nonnative learners (Munajat, 2015).
Nahwu or Arabic syntac has many chapters. It includes a chapter on istitsna'. Istitsna' is one of the chapters in nahwu science that is found in the Quran (Raihan, 2018). Istitsna' it self is an exception that is often found in everyday life. Because almost everything has an exception. Istitsna' according to Al-Ghalayaini (2003) is ikhroju maa ba'da "illa" aw ihdaa akhawaatihaa min 'adawatil istisnaa min hukmi maa qoblahu. Which means issuing lafadz which is located after "illa" or one of 'adawat istitsna' from the law of lafadz before "illa". For Example: Ja< a al-Tala< mi< dza illa< 'Aliyyan. And as for the particle istitsna' or 'adawat istitsna' there are 8 particles that can be used in tarkib istitsna' (Aziz, 2000;Al-Khatib, 2006;Ni'mah, 1986;Ya'kub, 1989).
However, from all the explanations above students often have difficulty in understanding istitsna' rules which have quite complex variations and also in understanding istitsna' phrases in or other Arabic texts where the patterns are more complicated than the examples in the textbook. Therefore, the researcher is interested in discussing istitsna' in surah al-An'am because the patterns of istitsna' phrases in that surah have different variations from what has been learned from books or teaching materials which is available now. So that it becomes a point of its uniqueness. Also besides, uniqueness is found in istitsna' type of mufarragh which form is negation and still has the same meaning when compared with positive phrases or sentences. But these types of istitsna' patterns have variants in terms of the order of their compositional composition so that this is an interesting thing to review further and be developed to help students understand the phrase istitsna'.
On the other hand, the researcher is also interested in discussing the meaning of 'adawat istitsna' in Surah al-An'am after seeing the different meanings of 'adawat istitsna' in the translation of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia. So that in this study the researcher will compare the patterns of istitsna' with the meaning of' 'adawat istitsna' so in the end it will be easier for students to understand the patterns of istitsna' with the meaning of 'adawat istitsna' while producing new istitsna' phrases in order to improve their Itstisna' in Surah Al-An'am: Meaning and Its Implication knowledge of istitsna' rules and understanding istitsna' patterns in the various verses of the Qoran. And it's following both the main purpose of learning Arabic in Indonesia is to focus on the objectives of Religion, the Qoran and other language books (Musthofa, 2018). And also aims other as the aim of learning Arabic language that is minor, namely to enrich Arabic learners with productive skills such as kalam or kitabah by applying the patterns of istitsna' in Surah al-An'am.
Among the researches related to istitsna' have been done before by Raihan (2015). The research found 46 verses containing the phrase istitsna'. Then the researcher classified these ististna' phrases into 3 parts, namely: istitsna' muttashil, istitsna' munqothi' and istitsna' mufarragh. Also besides, Widiyawati (2010) conducted a similar study. From this research the researcher found there are 21 verses in Qoran juz 1 that contain the phrase istitsna' with 2 'adat istitsna' which have various kinds of ahwal (changes), namely: Istitsna' muttasil tam mujab, Istitsna' muttasil tam manfi and Istitsna' mufarragh. While the implications of the research for Arabic syntax teaching and learning are as input for students and educators to better understand Nahwu, especially istitsna'. So that they are not misleading in learning and understanding the Quran. The results of these two studies are in accordance with As explained by Aziz et al (2000) the law of wujubun nashbi or compulsory reading of nashab if it is located after kalam tam mujab, that is, if the sentence is perfect (there mustasnaa and mustasnaa minhu) and does not precede nafi (words that are means "no"). And jawazun nashbi wal itsba, is allowed nashab with "Illa" or following the previous word i'rob by being badal when it is located after kalam tam muttashil manfi, or syibhu manfi that is located after perfect sentences, which mustasnaa and mustasnaa minhu is in the same type (muttashil) and preceded by letters nafi or the simillar.
Another Research that discusses the patterns of expressions in the Qoran namely (Jauhar, 2017) entitled "patterns of expression in and examples of their use in sentences. The results of his research found 350 expression patterns which are used as models or expression patterns in a presentation resembling a bilingual or Arabic-Indonesian dictionary which can be used as an example in making new sentences or phrases with the same pattern including expressions that contain istitsna'. The patterns of istitsna' expression mentioned are brief and simple. Whereas this study is the development of further research that is detailed according to the position of each word in the sentence. It means that the writer intends to integrate istitsna' theory with concrete examples of istitsna' patterns' from Surah al-An'am, because as is well known that a theory can be well understood if it is interpreted directly with concrete objects that are related (Nurul et al, 2018), and also connects these patterns with meanings that Zahrotul Muzdalifah are supported for learners in understanding istitsna'. Basically patterns or rules consist of structure and meaning (Omari, 2015).
This study describes the patterns istitsna' in Surah al-An'am. Specifically, this research focuses on describe the types and functions of istitsna' patters in Q.S. al-An'am, describe the meaning of adawat istitsna' in Q.S. al-An'am, and find out the implications of istitsna' for Arabic teaching and learning.

METHOD
This research is qualitative research. Research data in the form of phrases containing istitsna' while the main source of this research is the form of Qur'anic verses in the Surah Al-anam which amounted to 165 verses. The object of this study is the data relating to istitsna'. It is the verses contained in the Q.S. al-An'am which contains the phrase istitsna'. In this study, the researcher positioned her self as research instruments (Human Instrument). On the other hand, instrument tables used as a support to help researcher to collect the data.
Whereas for data collection, the researcher used documentation techniques. The steps taken in collecting data are as follows: Reading Q.S. al-An'am as a whole and reading books related to istitsna' such as the al-Quran translator, Jurumiyyah, Imrithi, Alfiyah Ibn Malik bi Syarah Ibn Aqil, Mulakhash Qawa'id Al-lughah Al-arabiyyah, Jami'uddurus Al -Arabiyyah, so the researcher can understand correctly the concept of istitsna' and understand the meaning contained in the istitsna'. then identify and classify the verses that contain istitsna' both in terms of their structure and their meaning. Then determine the analyzed data. And the last is draw conclusions based on the results of the analysis.
The steps of analyzing this research data are: first, Reading the Q.S. al-An'am and determine data. Second step is selecting data that is feasible to be used in accordance with the research problem. Third step is classifying data in sentence structure related to istitsna' using tables. Fourth step is determining the form of istitsna' based on its mustasnaa using tables. Fifth step is determining the grammatical meaning of the existing 'adawat istitsna' based on the context and position in a sentence and the translation of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion. The last step is determining the implications of the analysis of istitsna' patterns' in Surah al-An'am in Arabic teaching and learning.
The following is an example of a verse in the Surah al-An'am which contains istitsna' muttashil in the form of kalam tam muttashil mujab: The above istitsna' phrase belongs to the category of istitsna' muttashil tam mujab. It is called tam because it has to be mentioned. It is called mujab because it is not preceded by the nafi or something similar to it. Named muttashil because between mustasnaa ‫"شحوم"‬ and the mustasnaa minhu "maa maushul" are the same type. The Mustasnaa domiciled with "illa" because it is istitsna' tam muttashil mujab.
As explained by Aziz et al. (2000) the rule of wujubun nashbi if it is located after kalam tam mujab, i.e. if the sentence is perfect (there mustasnaa and mustasnaa minhu) and not preceded nafi. And the rule of jawazun nashbi wal itsba', that is allowed nashab with "illa" or following the i'rob the previous word by being badal, when it is located after kalam tam muttashil manfi, or syibhu manfi which is located after perfect sentences, which mustasnaa and mustasnaa of the mineral a type (muttashil) and preceded by nafi or the simillar.
The phrase istitsna' muttashil above functions li takhsis or specializes in the portion of cow and sheep fat which is permitted for consumption by the Jews. Namely fat attached to the backs of the two animals, on the large stomach and intestine or mixed with bone.
While istitsna' munqothi' which functions li istidrok in the Surah al-An'am one of the verses: The phrase istitsna' munqoti' above consists of mustasnaa in the form of ‫عليكم"‬ ‫حرم‬ ‫"ما‬ and mustasnaa minhu in the form of the word ‫اضطررتم"‬ ‫."ما‬ While the mustasnaa has a manshub position with "illa". As stated by Al-Ghalayaini (2003) that mustasna which lies after kalam munqothi kalam is always read as a text with the presence or absence of nafi.
That phrase istitsna' serves to clarify, that is to clarify that Allah provides relief or tolerance from the Shari'ah that was previously arranged. Allah SWT has explained through his Prophet with a clear and detailed explanation of everything that is forbidden to eat, but the prohibition does not apply to people who are forced to interpret it (Syihab, 2001, p. 260). Adding "forced" above, which aims to maintain life.
The last type is istitsna' mufarragh one example of the verse: Mustasnaa in the istitsna' mufarragh is the word " ‫ر‬ ‫حْ‬ ِ ‫."س‬ the law is marfu because it is tobe khabar of the mubtada' in the form of isim isyarah ‫ا"‬ َ ‫َذ‬ ‫"ه‬ And there is a nafi in the form of " ْ ‫ن‬ ِ ‫."إ‬ Istitsna' phrase above has hasr functions or summarizes because in the phrase istitsna' munqoti' there are no words that are mustasnaa minhu.
Whereas the type of istitsna' mufarragh which has the form of kalam naqis manfi or syibhu manfi in al-An'am is the most (28 phrases). The law of mustasnaa with this type of istitsna' adjusts its position in the sentence. The same is explained by Aziz et al (2000) Yu'robu hasba mawqi'ihi kalam which i'rob is in accordance with the position in the sentence when there is no mustasnaa minhu (naqis) and in the form of a negative sentence (preceded by nafi).
The phrase istitsna' in the Surah al-An'am has the following functions: li takhsis, li istidrok and li hasr. The phrase 'istitsna' which functions li takhsis (specializing) (12 phrases) i.e those belonging to istitsna' muttashil, the phrase istitsn 'which functions li istidrok (2 phrases), while the phrase istitsna' which functions is li hasr (28 phrases) namely istitsna 'mufarragh. As explained by Al-Ghalayaini (2003) that istitsna' muttashil or also can be called istitsna' minal jinsi is an essential istitsna' which functions li takhsis ba'da ta'mim or specializes in removing what is assumed from the generality of a rule. Whereas istitsna' munqothi' or istitsna 'ghoiru jinsi its function is li istidrok namely clarifying. Then istitsna' mufarragh according to Ya'kub (2005) acting as li hasr ie limiting or summarizing something.

The Meaning of Each 'Adawat istitsna' in Surah al-An'am
The different meanings on 'adawat istitsna' which are influenced by the structure or pattern and types of the existing istitsna' phrases and 'adawat istitsna' that customed. Illa has a grammatical meaning because it is a harf. Whereas "ghairu" which is isim has a lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.
"Illa" in the division of words in Arabic is included in the category of letters or task words. Ainin and Asrori (2014) argue that the meaning contained in the task word cannot be determined before it is formed in a sentence construction, because the word task does not have a lexical meaning but which is grammatical which requires context. As Matsna (2016) language context is the meaning obtained from the use of words in a sentence when the word is composed with other words that give rise to certain special meanings. So in other words 'adawat istitsna' will not have meaning when it stands alone without being connected with other words. So on the contrary the exclusion tool will have a meaning after it is connected with the next word (mustasnaa) and the meaning will also be different if it is connected with other words or particles in a sentence. It means that Grammatical meaning is a meaning which is possible that the word compilation has become part of a structural sentence (Supianudin, 2016).
The word "illa" is one of the adawat istitsna' which functions to exclude. As the research carried out in surah al-Anam, adwat istitsna' which exists in istitsna' muttashil and munqothi' (in the form of the istitsna' phrase which contains mustasnaa and mustasnaa minhu) can mean "except"/"other than"/"but (kecuali/selain).
On the other hand "illa" can also mean "only" or "nothing but" (hanya/tidak lain hanyalah) which is found in the phrases of istitsna' mufarragh which has a hasr function that is limiting or summarizing. Among them that begin with the nafi "in" with the pattern "in + isim (mubtada') + illa + isim (khabar) Meaning: And if we send it to you (Muhammad) writing on paper, so that they can hold it with their own hands, surely the disbelievers will say "this is nothing but real magic".
And pattern " in+ fi'il+ fa'il+ illa+ maf'ul bih"  Meaning: And if you follow most people on this earth, surely they will lead you astray from the way of Allah. They follow only a mere allegation. And they only make up lies.
Likewise with the 'adat istitsna' "ghairu" in Surah al-An'am according to the translation of the religious department "ghairu" has 2 meanings namely" other than "and" others" ("selain" and "yang lain"). The word "ghairu" as Aziz et al (2000) in lafadz is isim. Likewise according to Arra'ini (2005) 'adat istitsna' which includes isim namely: "ghairu" and "siwaa". Isim or noun has 2 meanings namely grammatical and lexical meaning. the word "ghairu" in Bisri and Munawwir (1999) means other than or except (selain atau kecuali). These meanings is a lexical meaning or meaning without relation to the context of the sentence. As Soedjito in Ainin and Asrori (2014, p. 35) explains that lexical meaning is the meaning of the word freely or freely without its relation to other words in a sentence construction. The contemporary Linguists according to Farid in Matsna (2016) establish 3 characteristics of the lexical meaning or alma'na al-mu'jami, namely: General: The lexical meaning of a word as contained in the dictionary is only a general meaning because the word is not in any context, then many and varied it means that the lexical meaning of a word can vary because the word can enter into different contexts. And the last is Not fixed means The lexical meaning of a word can change because it is adjusted to the context behind it. On the other hand, "ghairu" means "other than" is a grammatical meaning that exists because of the existing context. So "ghairu" has a basic meaning (lexical) and grammatical meaning which is related to the context of the sentence. The lexical meaning of "ghairu" is "other than" and "except", while the Grammatical Meaning of "Ghairu" in Surah al-An'am is "the other". Itstisna' in Surah Al-An'am: Meaning and Its Implication

Learning Arabic
From the researchs related to istitsna' (Widiawati, 2010;Raihan, 2018) shows that istitsna' phrases in the Qoran always have varying types and functions. but from these studies only have implicit implications for learning nahwu and arabic languages in general. So the researcher offers the implications of istitsna' research by developing simple patterns carried out by Jauhar (2017) by making these patterns more detailed according to the position of each word and giving examples of the application of these patterns of istitsna' phrases into a sentence that can be reconstructed.
The phrase istitsna' in Surah al-An'am has 14 choices and unique patterns that can be used in learning Arabic. These patterns are also called al-uslub annahwiy (Amir, 2014) which containing tarkib al-istitsna' or sentence patterns containing istitsna' taken from Surah al-An'am so that they can be used by students who study the chapter of istitsna' integrally. as is well known that the uslub is a fig or language style used by someone to express the main points of someone's thoughts and feelings so as to achieve the desired target sentence and understood by the reader or listener. so according to the writer uslub alistitsna' can integrate with istitsna' theory and facilitate istitsna' teaching learning especially and arabic teaching and learning globally (Fajrina, 2018). can help students develop their writing and speaking skills. it means that learning istitsna' not only stops at students understanding of istitsna' theories but also develops their ability in language. Because in fact mastery of rules is not the main goal of language learning, but language proficiency (Musthofa, 2018). The following 14 examples of patterns that can be used.

Patterns)
a. Fi'il+ fa'il+ maf'ul bih 1+illa+ mustatsnaa o Who is the champion except for him in the scientific debate competition?

d. Hamzah istifham+ ghairu+ isim+ fi'il+fail+ maf'ul bih
o Do I read the book of Allah besides (except) the Qur'an?
o Nobody cooks food in my family except my mother.
o This is nothing but a small gift.
Will you only study if there will be an exam or practice?

CONCLUSIONS
The division of istitsna' in Surah al-An'am based on the form and function are: a) Istitsna' muttashil (12 phrases) in the form of kalam tam mujab and kalam tam manfi or syibhu manfi, b) the type of istitsna' munqothi' (2 phrases) which in the form of kalam tam munqothi' and c) Istitsna' mufarragh (28 phrases) in the form of kalam naqis manfi. The function in istitsna' phrases in Surah al-An'am are: a) Li takhsis because of its type (12 phrases istitsna' muttashil), b) Li istidrok which is in the form of istitsna' munqothi' (2 phrases) and c) Li hasr which is the phrase istitsna' which is of type istitsna' mufarragh (28 phrases).
The phrase istitsna' in Surah al-An'am includes, among other things, the 'adat istitsna' "illa" which has a grammatical meaning of "except"/"other than" /"but", "only"/nothing but". Some of them contain the 'adat istitsna' ''ghairu" which has a lexical meaning in the form of "other than"/"except" and a grammatical meaning in the form of "other".
Surah al-An'am, there are various patterns of istitsna' phrases. However, based on the difficulty level of the pattern, the diversity of the structure and limitations of the researcher, so the researcher only chose 14 istitsna' phrase patterns contained in Surah al-An'am can be implemented into Arabic teaching and learning by making the basic pattern or an example in making new sentences in accordance with the pattern in the Surah al-An'am. These patterns are combined with the meaning of the Indonesian translation that is in the 'adawat istitsna' so it help students to study and making examples of phrases or sentences that contain istitsna' literally or orally.