Political Ecology Protection Spring Water in Batu

Water resources management is a socio-political issue where various interests influence the policy on the protection and utilization of water resources. This research wants to know the government's policies and efforts in protecting water resources amid the rapid industrialization of tourism, along with conflicts due to the use of water resources from a political ecology perspective. This study uses descriptive qualitative research, data collection methods through depth interviews, observation, and documentation. This study shows that the efforts of the Batu City Government in realizing the protection of water resources are not proportional to the acceleration of the conversion of forest and agricultural land functions to support the sustainability of water resources due to the rapid growth of the tourism industry. It can be seen from the inconsistency of policy products, the imbalance in the amount of the budget between the commercialization of land (tourism), and the lack of efforts to conserve springs. As a result, there was resistance from the community in the struggle for access to water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to affirm the boundaries of the utilization of water resources supporting areas, transparency of the sustainability of water resources, and disclosure of information to the public regarding the process of tourism development plans undertaken by investors to facilitate supervision by the public.


INTRODUCTION
Political ecology wants to explain the impact of environmental issues on the policy process and the role of the state in environmental management. Often in the management of water resources, building permits from the government lead to conflicts, one of which is conflicts over the use of water resources. Water conflicts can be understood as a struggle to get accessibility to water use. Simon and Dorothea explained that water conflict is a struggle between two or more actors to access, control, management and use of water resources (Mason & Blank, 2013). River water is one type of surface water that often triggers conflicts. Handayani's research, for example, in the District of Maos, Cilacap Regency, noted that differences in the distribution of water records for rice fields and ponds resulted in conflicts between farmers and fish farmers (Handayani, Dwityaningsih, & Triwuri, 2018). Listiawati also captures the same phenomenon, competition over the use of water in fisheries triggers conflicts between fish farmers and food farmers who feel that irrigated rice fields are threatened (Listyawati, 2011).
The example confirms that water conflicts often involve the rights to use and use water resources, reduced distribution of water resources, and threats to livelihood sustainability related to water resources. For agrarian communities, water is a strategic agrarian driving force, especially rice fields that depend heavily on water. The UN-Water report states that 70% of the world's water use is for agricultural needs (UN-Water). In Indonesia, based on the 2000 FAO report, the use of water for agricultural consumption reached 82%.
Politics of massive tourism development spur the development of infrastructure and public facilities by utilizing natural resources. As a result, land-use change and large amounts of water use threaten the sustainability of water resources. Malang Corruption Watch (MCW) notes that based on the East Java Regional Environmental Status (SLHD) report, in 2015, the water quality in Batu was deficient, at 51.67. Whereas in 2011, the number of springs was 57, down from 2009 with 109 springs. This data is strengthened by WALHI Nasional, compiled from the Mata Air Care Community Forum (FMPMA), which notes that more than 65% of the springs in Batu City are on severe and dangerous land. In the FMPMA record, the percentage of severe locations was 57 spots (53%), dangerous 15 spots (14%), both four spots (4%), and in normal conditions 32 spots (29%).
The spring water crisis is a severe problem for agrarian communities because it has an impact on the sustainability of the ecosystem. The distribution or availability of water for agriculture cannot be ignored because it can lead to conflict. At the local level, water conflicts can arise between different economic sectors, such as agriculture and industry. There are several conflicts over water resources management in Batu City (Hasan, 2018). First, disputes between the people of Bulukerto Village, Bumiaji Subdistrict, Batu City who oppose the construction of the "The Rayja" hotel and resort (Java, 2016) and (Widianto, 2018). Second, the conflict between the residents of Junrejo Village and the management of Dino Park related to water source management that was triggered by efforts to change the function of the function irrigation river into the tourist attractions (Sabdianto, 2018) and (Ida, 2018).
Conflicts over water resources management in Bulukerto Village is seen as a model of resistance and community empowerment in facing threats to the sustainability of spring water resources (Susilo, 2017) and (Lestari, 2019) . While this research, citing Satria's (2010) statement, wants to see resources, including water, as socio-political issues that are a political ecology issue, so this research is more focused on the political explanation of environmental degradation (Satria, 2010). That is, the crisis of water resources management that occurred in Batu City did not happen naturally, but was influenced by various interests in environmental management policies.
Moreover, the escalation of land conversion due to tourism development in Batu City can rapidly increase the amount of water use, both for agriculture, households, and the tourism industry. The many actors who have an interest in using water economically can trigger water use conflicts. Investors who have obtained permits in various forms of tourism policies pose a threat to community water resources and agricultural irrigation. Based on this condition, this study tries to explain how the political ecology of the protection of springs in Batu City.

METHOD
This type of research is qualitative with a descriptive approach to produce descriptive data in the form of written or oral words from people and observable behavior (Moleong, 2013). This study would like to describe the policy of the protection of springs in Batu city, amid rapid tourism development. The type of data used is primary data obtained from observations at the research location and the results of interviews with informants.
At the same time, secondary data is collected by searching the archives and documents about the water protection policy in Batu. Thus there are three sources of data in this study, namely informants, events, and documents.
Informants were selected using a purposive sample technique with predetermined criteria. This research also used the snowball sampling technique because field research will bring up more informants than has been reduction, data display and Conclusion drawing. Because the analysis model used is the interactive model, then researchers may carry out the repetition in data mining (Sugiyono, 2014). In the sense that if the information obtained is not yet saturated, the researchers will be collecting data back in, and then analyzed according to the analysis stage further. Researchers use the triangulation method to test the validity of the data, such as source triangulation and triangulation data.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The tourism industry and the Crisis of Water Resources in Batu
The strengthening of the role of local government in the era of decentralization brought a new dynamic of how governance structures and actors in the regions manage natural resources, including water. This issue cannot be separated from the political and economic context in which the problem arises, as stated by Satria (2010), that the politics of environmental management is not neutral. The tourism development policy in Batu City provides economic benefits for tourism actors or investors, opens up new jobs for the community, and increases local revenue (PAD).
But for environmental activists, tourism industrialization is a form of environmental politicization that will hurt the urban spatial use and management. Industrial development and its supporting facilities and increasing population due to urbanization can lead to environmental exploitation in Batu City, which threatens the condition of water resources. Even though Batu City is an upstream part of the Brantas River Basin, it has hundreds of strategic water sources, not only for meeting Kota Batu's clean water needs but also for Malang City and Malang Regency. of the mayor, namely, "the city empowered villages succeeded in realizing Batu City as an international center of agro-tourism that has character and competitiveness towards the realization of civil society." Even this effort was emphasized by the issuance of Batu City Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2013 concerning the Implementation of Tourism. In its development, various regulations provide an opportunity for the private sector to commercialize urban / land space. One of them is the commercialization of land for the construction of artificial tourism, as well as tourism support facilities in Batu City.
Batu City reinforces branding as a Tourism City by making artificial tourism a leading tourism destination. In the Master Plan for Tourism Development in Batu City in 2014-2029, Selecta, Jatim Park I, Secret Zoo, and Batu Night Spectacular are artificial tourism objects that are designated as superior tourism.
The growth of artificial tourism is increasing. One by one, the artificial attractions appear, such as the The increase in the number of tourists will simultaneously affect the development of infrastructure and supporting tourism facilities, such as the construction of hotels and restaurants.  Data collected from the National WALHI Spring Water Concern Community Forum (FMPMA) shows that more than 65% of springs that exist in Batu located on lands with severe conditions. In a note FMPMA, the severe location of the spring percentage was 57 (53%) point, the very crucial 15 (14%), both 4 (4%) and under normal conditions of 32 (29%) (Apriando). This condition is different from the results of research conducted by Artha, Rahadi, and Suharto (2014), which states that the number of water reserves in Batu had a surplus.

Conflict Protection Spring Water in Batu
Efforts to remove springs in Batu city have been stated in Batu The depiction of the decline in the availability and potential of water resources reported by Malang Corruption Watch (MCW) indicates that the city of Batu is experiencing a crisis in the sustainability of water resources. It was confirmed by a report from the Batu City Agriculture Office (2018), that changes in land use resulted in fewer sources of groundwater that could be used for agriculture or consumption.
The water crisis occurs due to weather changes, environmental damage, and unsustainable development practices. The water crisis due to environmental damage that occurred in Batu City was caused by changes in spatial use through tourism development projects and supporting tourism infrastructure. Quoting the statement of Mason and Dorothea, this condition can trigger conflicts, namely as a struggle to gain access, control, management, and use of water resources (Mason & Blank, 2013). This conflict concerns the depletion of water resources that threatens their livelihoods (Mason & Blank, 2013). In the last few years, the water crisis in Batu city has triggered water management conflicts. Local conflicts arise due to competition between groups of water users who have the same needs and users with different needs (Mason & Blank, 2013). Water conflicts also occur in various economic sectors. In Batu city, water is contested by the conservation group versus the business group for increasing economic development.
Conflicts that occur include the people of Bulukerto Village, Bumiaji District, Batu City who oppose the construction of "The Rayja" hotels and resorts, which are considered to threaten the sustainability of the spring.
Next, the conflict between the people of Junrejo Village and the management of Dino Park related to the transfer of the function of the irrigation river into the tourist attractions. The developer fenced off by constructing a 6meter wall above the irrigation river body so that people had difficulty accessing irrigation water.
Conflict over water resources management between the people of Bulukerto Furthermore, Batu City Regional Regulation No. 7/2011 concerning the Batu City Regional Spatial Plan for 2010-2030 states that the spring area is a local protection area and must be protected within the radius of the spring's border within 200 (two hundred) meters.
In 2018 a water conflict between the people of Junrejo Village and the Dino Park was raised due to the issue of breach of agreement (point 8), which reads "river and irrigation river continue to function as before and outside the Dino Park fence." However, the reality is that irrigation canals for residents are limited by walls, making it difficult for residents to process rice fields, water discharge is also apparently reduced (interview with Basuki, Faisal and Arifin: 2019). Whereas the need for irrigation water in Batu City reaches 50.90% of total water use and the Junrejo sub-district requires 14.46% of water for irrigation from the entire water needs in Batu City (Artha, Rahadi, & Suharto, 2014) . Regional Budget II funded the construction of JITUT in Junrejo Village, covering an area of 130 m2, but this effort is not comparable to the acceleration of land-use change. The City of Batu took over the function of 42.13 hectares of land (Nrl, 2019) in 2016-2018, the impact not only on the availability of land but also on the availability of water resources.
The expansion of artificial tourism and supporting infrastructure exploiting water resources makes the meaning of water reduced. People who interpret water from the ecological, social, cultural, and religious aspects have turned into commercial purposes. This condition has moved various social organizations and nongovernmental organizations to aggressively fight the water resources crisis and the injustice in the use of water resources in Batu City.
In the village of Bulukerto, the community is incorporated in the Spring Water Care Community Forum (FMPMA) and Nawakalam Gemulo. This forum was established as a Gemulo spring conservation organization that was threatened by hotel construction. This movement was then strengthened by the collaboration of the leaders of three villages, namely Bulukerto, Sidomulyo, and Bumiaji Villages, along with NGOs such as the Yayasan Pusaka, Brantas Conservation, Malang Corruption Watch (MCW) and WALHI (Susilo, 2017). Several attempts were made to protect the Sumber Gemulo springs, including conducting spring conservation, strengthening cultural awareness and environmental issues, and empowering youth potential (Susilo, 2017).
As for Junrejo Village, people who are members of the Kaliwatu Community Forum are trying to advocate for losses due to the construction of Dino Park. This forum does not only focus on the issue of residents' irrigation channels that are bounded by walls making it difficult for people to process rice fields but also has not fulfilled the promise of labor quotas from the residents of Desa Junrejo and Beji (Interview with Sutrisno: 2019).

CONCLUSION
The acceleration of sectoral economic growth by the Batu City Government through the development of the tourism industry seems political. It has an impact on the sustainability of water resources in Batu City.
The massive growth of tourism and supporting infrastructure is destroying water catchment areas and reducing water sources.
Degradation of spring water sources in Batu City is not only interpreted as a result of climate change and occurs naturally, but is caused by government policies that do not favor environmental preservation efforts. This condition triggers conflicts between the communities as affected by the government as regulators and the private sector as investors who are considered to threaten ecological sustainability in Batu City.
The Kaliwatu River management conflict involves several actors, ranging from community groups, village governments, local governments, and investors. Politics of development and local government alignments to investors by providing access to tourism development and development causes marginalized communities to access and utilize water resources.