The relationship between parenting style with adolescent identity development in Karangploso district, Malang regency Indonesia

ABSTRACT

development. There is still adolescent who are given freedom (permissive) by their parents to carry out activities according to their wishes; in their daily life, they are under less than full parental supervision. In addition, some families apply democratic parenting while still giving freedom to adolescents but still providing control over adolescent behavior. In addition, most of the youth in the area are less able to socialize well with the surrounding community; this impacts the formation of adolescent identity, which needs to be improved and gain self-identity. Based on the description above, researchers are interested in determining the relationship between parenting style and adolescent identity formation. This study aimed to find a relationship between the application of authoritarian, democratic, and permissive parenting by parents with the formation of self-identity in adolescents.

Methods
The participants in this research are 80 adolescents in Kepuharjo Village, Malang Regency. Data was collected using a Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and Adolescent Self Identity Scale. This research has been carried out with a cross-sectional design and bivariate analysis using the Spearman rank test, processed with the SPSS software 20 version. Determination of the sample using a purposive sampling method with inclusion and exclusion criteria.  Table 1 shows that democratic parenting style and adolescent self-identity dominate the study results with a percentage value of 53.6%-identity formation of middle and high adolescents. The characteristics of identity formed in adolescents can be seen from adolescents' attitudes toward older people; they tend to be polite and able to express their opinions or wishes when discussing with parents. The result is linear with the results of research conducted by Pertiwi (2016) that the democratic parenting style applied by parents to children will provide good insight into the thinking, acting, and socializing to spur the social development of adolescents to become confident. It is also strengthened by research from Afrilyanti (2015), which states that the characteristics of children with a democratic parenting style will produce children who have self-confidence, is friendly, can control themselves, are polite, is willing to cooperate, have high curiosity, has a clear purpose in life in the formation of a healthy identity.  Table 2 shows that the bivariate correlation test using the Spearman rank test resulted in a significance value of p <0.05 in all parenting patterns used by parents of adolescents in Kepuharjo Village, Malang Regency. Parents not only use one type of parenting style, but they also use more than one parenting style to form adolescent self-identity. However, the dominant parenting pattern used is democratic parenting, as shown in Table 1.

Results and Discussion
According to Jojon's research (2017), it is stated that one of the factors that influence parenting is the age of parents; where a specific age range is an excellent time to carry out the parenting role of children, namely when the age of parents is in the range of 20-40 years-added by Pertiwi (2016) that parental education can influence social development for adolescents, in terms of educating children to achieve their goals and providing broad thinking.
During the adolescent development period in the early stages of development, they begin to try to show their identity, conflict with parents increases, peer influence is considerable, has feelings of freedom and do not want to be controlled, and behave childishly, especially when they are under stress, as well as an interest in others. opposite sex (Hassanah, 2017). From this stage, the role of parents is needed to determine the direction and shape of their child's identity

-authoritarian parenting style with the formation of self-identity in adolescents.
The results showed that 7.9% of parents applied this parenting pattern which contributed to the formation of high-level adolescent self-identity. The results are supported by the correlation test that has been carried out with a significance value of p = 0.000 and a positive direction of relationship r = 0.450 (medium strength). These results can be interpreted that the more parents use authoritarian parenting, the more self-identity is formed in adolescents.
In an authoritarian parenting style, parents tend to be overprotective of adolescent behavior. The results of research conducted by (King et al., 2016) show that the use of dominant authoritarian parenting in adolescents will make them experience mental and emotional disorders in the form of depression; this can be seen from the five symptoms of depression that appear. The results of this study are reinforced by (Swords et al., 2011), that mental and emotional problems are often detected in early adolescence, so the family is an important key. It must have sensitivity to detect emotional and mental problems that can affect changes in its identity.
The application of an authoritarian parenting style in the family can be motivated by the existence of conflicts that occur between the family and parents (Van Voorhees et al., 2008;Yap et al., 2014), but it is also possible that there is a previous genetic history of parents experiencing depression due to depression previous parenting (Alloy et al., 2006). The addition of a new concept by (Brenning et al., 2017) states that authoritarian parenting can also occur in parents who will undergo separation from their partners; they become overprotective of their children, and there is excessive anxiety in parents who do not want to lose their children-the result of separation or divorce in the family

-democratic parenting style with the formation of self-identity in adolescents.
Based on the results of research, the use of a democratic parenting style by parents is very dominant, with a percentage of 53.6% which contributes to the formation of adolescent identity at a moderate level. Supported by the correlation test, the value of p = 0.027 with a value of r = 0.240 (strength of the relationship is weak). This value can be interpreted that the more vital parents apply democratic parenting, the stronger self-identity is formed in adolescents. Reinforced similar research conducted by (Yousefi, 2012) states that there is indeed a relationship between family parenting and the level of adolescent development. The results show that democratic parenting is significantly positively related to adolescents' self-identity development. In this study, the majority of parents applied this parenting pattern to adolescents because there were advantages in this parenting pattern; namely, the adolescent was allowed to be more independent but still under the supervision of their parents. Adolescents are given responsibilities; then, parents respect their children's opinions. In this parenting style, adolescents still have control over their parents.
In contrast to parents who use an authoritarian parenting style, parents who use a democratic parenting style can find and maintain the right balance between support and control in adolescents, to set clear boundaries about the relationship. However, at the same time, the parent-child relationship becomes complicated. Warm and encourage understanding with one another. In the application of democratic parenting, autonomy can also appear in adolescents, but they still have to obey the rules and recognize the uniqueness of the teenager's personality. The ability to make decisions independently in adolescents will bring them more responsibility for their behavior. This concept allows why the application of democratic parenting is more profitable for the development of adolescent self-concept. (Kriščiūnaitė & Pakrosnis, 2013) In applying this parenting style, adolescents can discuss and convey the concept to their parents; from this activity, it is possible to facilitate the development of their identity positively. According to the theory presented by (Fatmawati, 2017), the cognitive development of adolescents occurs when the nervous system that processes information develops rapidly and strong perceptual abilities are formed so that it functions as a high-level cognitive activity; adolescents independently have been able to formulate strategic planning or decision making independently.
Research conducted by (Yablonska, 2013) explains that the level of intimacy, family adaptability, democratic parenting, adolescent acceptance of parenting, reasonable autonomy, and level of consistency determines success in forming self-identity in adolescents in the family. The height of the parents while caring for their child. The positive impact of the application of democratic parenting by parents is a positive increase in mental health (including positive selfidentity growth), good adolescent self-esteem, and community acceptance of adolescents become open (Nelson et al., 2011) (Gaté et al., 2013), high academic achievement and more confidence in problem-solving (Ang, 2006).

Permissive parenting style with the formation of self-identity in adolescents.
The results showed that 2% of parents used permissive parenting, which contributed little to the formation of adolescent self-identity at medium and high levels. While the correlation test results obtained a value of p = 0.010 and a value of r = 0.277, this means that there is a relationship between the use of permissive parenting and adolescent self-identity with a weak relationship strength value.
In permissive parenting, parents tend to free their children from doing something with weak control. The weakness of using this parenting style is that adolescents can experience a sense of loneliness and lack of love because of the weak attention of their parents to them. In this study, the use of permissive parenting became less attractive to respondents because parents did not want to lose control; besides, from the adolescent perspective, they sometimes felt lonely when their parents let their daily activities. This result is supported by research (Vona & Aviory, 2020) that permissive parenting gives excessive freedom to children so that they are less close to their parents when applied to children because a child needs to be guided and directed.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between authoritarian, democratic, and permissive parenting styles with the formation of adolescent selfidentity in Kepuharjo village, Malang district. The majority of parents apply a democratic parenting style when raising their children; this is because, in this parenting style, parents still have control over adolescents. The characteristics of adolescent self-identity who already have a