Pengaruh intervensi berbasis film terhadap self-esteem remaja di Surabaya

Yuan Yovita Setiawan; Setiasih

doi:10.22219/procedia.v12i1.29693

Authors

Yuan Yovita Setiawan Universitas Surabaya
Setiasih Universitas Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3906-9078

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22219/procedia.v12i1.29693

Keywords:

Adolescence, film-based intervention, psychological intervention, urban, self-esteem

Abstract

Having middle and lower socioeconomic status in adolescence is associated with low adolescent self-esteem which results in high levels of involvement in criminal behavior and low learning performance at school. Film-based interventions can improve self-esteem. This study aims to test the effectiveness of a film-based intervention to increase self-esteem. The research design is a one group pre-test post-test experiment which uses film as a manipulation of the independent variable. The research subjects were 90 students (51.1% boys and 48.8% girls) of junior high schools in the city of Surabaya, aged 13-16 years. The experiment was carried out in three waves. At each meeting, the treatment given is watching a film together and then followed by a process with the facilitator to discuss the film that has been watched together. The pre-test and post-test were also completed using the Rosenberg Self-Celebrity Scale (RSES). The data analysis method used was the Wilcoxon signed rank test using SPSS 25 software. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference in self-esteem scores between the scores before and after the intervention was given. Several things are thought to have caused the failure of this research: 1) Initial data collection was not representative of self-esteem conditions which were classified as innate (trait) or situational (state); 2) The use of social media and parenting patterns from parents contribute to more positive self-esteem; 3) Sociometric status is a more significant predictor of self-esteem than socio-economic status. There are several technical limitations, such as experimental designs that tend to be weak, time periods that are not long enough, and films that have not been curated by experts.

Memiliki status sosial ekonomi menengah ke bawah pada masa remaja dikaitkan dengan rendahnya harga diri remaja yang mengakibatkan tingginya tingkat keterlibatan dalam perilaku kriminal dan rendahnya prestasi belajar di sekolah. Intervensi berbasis film dapat meningkatkan harga diri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas intervensi berbasis film untuk meningkatkan harga diri. Desain penelitiannya adalah one group pre-test post-test eksperimen yang menggunakan film sebagai manipulasi variabel independen. Subyek penelitian adalah siswa SMP di kota Surabaya yang berjumlah 90 orang (51,1% laki-laki dan 48,8% perempuan) yang berusia 13-16 tahun. Percobaan dilakukan dalam tiga gelombang. Pada setiap pertemuan perlakuan yang diberikan adalah menonton film bersama kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses bersama fasilitator untuk mendiskusikan film yang telah ditonton bersama. Pre-test dan post-test juga diselesaikan dengan menggunakan Rosenberg Self-Celebrity Scale (RSES). Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji Wilcoxon sign rank test dengan menggunakan software SPSS 25. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan skor harga diri yang signifikan antara skor sebelum dan sesudah diberikan intervensi. Beberapa hal yang diduga menjadi penyebab kegagalan penelitian ini: 1) Pengumpulan data awal tidak mewakili kondisi harga diri yang tergolong bawaan (trait) atau situasional (keadaan); 2) Penggunaan media sosial dan pola asuh orang tua berkontribusi terhadap harga diri yang lebih positif; 3) Status sosiometri merupakan prediktor harga diri yang lebih signifikan dibandingkan status sosial ekonomi. Terdapat beberapa keterbatasan teknis, seperti desain eksperimen yang cenderung lemah, jangka waktu yang tidak cukup lama, dan film yang belum dikurasi oleh ahli.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Antonoplis, S., & Chen, S. (2021). Time and class: How socioeconomic status shapes conceptions of the future self. Self and Identity, 20(8), 961–981. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2020.1789730

Arsandaux, J., Galéra, C., & Salamon, R. (2021). The association of self-esteem and psychosocial outcomes in young adults: a 10-year prospective study. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12392

Aschbacher, K., Rivera, L. M., Hornstein, S., Nelson, B. W., Forman-Hoffman, V. L., & Peiper, N. C. (2023). Longitudinal Patterns of Engagement and Clinical Outcomes: Results From a Therapist-Supported Digital Mental Health Intervention. Psychosomatic Medicine, 85(7), 651–658. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001230

Batubara, I. M. S., Sari, N. Y., & Eagle, M. (2019). The Effect of Cinematherapy-Based Group Reminiscence on Older Adults’ Self Esteem. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 2(1), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v2i4.238

Bianchi, D., Cavicchiolo, E., Lucidi, F., Manganelli, S., Girelli, L., Chirico, A., & Alivernini, F. (2021). School Dropout Intention and Self-esteem in Immigrant and Native Students Living in Poverty: The Protective Role of Peer Acceptance at School. School Mental Health, 13(2), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09410-4

Booth, M. Z., & Gerard, J. M. (2013). Self-esteem and academic achievement: a comparative study of adolescent students in England and the United States. 41(5), 629–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2011.566688

Cameron, J. J., & Granger, S. (2018). Does Self-Esteem Have an Interpersonal Imprint Beyond Self-Reports? A Meta-Analysis of Self-Esteem and Objective Interpersonal Indicators. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(1), 73–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318756532

Caruana, T., Mao, L., Gray, R. M., & Bryant, J. (2023). Engagement and outcomes of marginalised young people in an early intervention youth alcohol and other drug program: The Street Universities model. PLOS ONE, 18(5), e0286025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286025

Choi, S., Williams, D., Kim, H., Niman, S., Yunita, M., Handayani, R. M., Law, J. L., Gumilang, G. S., Dannecker, M., Meeus, A., Beullens, K., Eggermont, S., Doi, S., Isumi, A., Fujiwara, T., Liu, B., Fu, S., Doi, S., Fujiwara, T., … Eggermont, S. (2019). Psychological well-being and distress in adolescents: An investigation into associations with poverty, peer victimization, and self-esteem. New Media and Society, 10(February), 2386–2403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819847447

Cingel, D. P., Carter, M. C., & Krause, H. V. (2022). Social media and self-esteem. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101304

Coffey, J. K., & Warren, M. T. (2020). Comparing adolescent positive affect and self-esteem as precursors to adult self-esteem and life satisfaction. Motivation and Emotion, 44(5), 707–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-020-09825-7

Diefenbach, S., & Anders, L. (2022). The psychology of likes: Relevance of feedback on Instagram and relationship to self-esteem and social status. Psychology of Popular Media, 11(2), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000360

Dunham, S. M., & Dermer, S. B. (2020). Cinematherapy with African American couples. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(8), 1472–1482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22999

Eun Lee, S., & Hee Ko, S. (2013). The Effects of Cinema Therapy on Depression and Self-Esteem in People with Schizophrenia. The Journal of Digital Policy & Management❙ 585 The Journal of Digital Policy & Management, 11(10), 585–592. http://creativecommons.otg/licenses/by-nc/3.0

Fadlillah, M., Wahab, R., Ayriza, Y., & Indartono, S. (2020). The roles of parenting style towards mental health of early childhood. Medico-Legal Update, 20(2), 667–672. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v20i2.1189

Germann, S. A. (2009). Cinematherapy and bibliotherapy : counseling LGBT clients in the coming out process [University of Northern Iowa]. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/762

Goodwin, J., Saab, M. M., Dillon, C. B., Kilty, C., McCarthy, A., O’Brien, M., & Philpott, L. F. (2021). The use of film-based interventions in adolescent mental health education: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137(February), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.055

Haney, T. J. (2007). “Broken windows” and Self-Esteem: Subjective understandings of neighborhood poverty and disorder. Social Science Research, 36(3), 968–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.07.003

Harris, M. A., & Orth, U. (2020). The link between self-esteem and social relationships: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 119, Issue 6, pp. 1459–1477). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000265

Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. (pp. 219–233). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-014

Holmes, S. R., Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & David, K. (2022). An Examination of Teacher Engagement in Intervention Training and Sustained Intervention Implementation. School Mental Health, 14(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09457-3

Hoplock, L. B., Stinson, D. A., Marigold, D. C., & Fisher, A. N. (2019). Self-esteem, epistemic needs, and responses to social feedback. Self and Identity, 18(5), 467–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1471414

Kang, Y. (2019). The relationship between contingent self-esteem and trait self-esteem. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7575

Kim, E. (2014). A Study on the Relationship Between Adolescent Self-Esteem and Financial and Human Capital: The Mediating Effect of Social Capital. Journal of Marketing Thought, 01(02), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.15577/jmt.2014.01.02.35

Kim, H. G., & Kim, J. S. (2016). The Effects of Group Cinema Therapy Program on Self-esteem and Interpersonal Relationship in Nursing Students. Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing, 30(3), 583–594.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=the effects of group cinema therapy program on self%5C-esteem and interpersonal relationship in nursing students&sort=relevance

Kondratieva, O., Dolgova, V., Rokitskaya, J., & Golieva, G. (2020). Correlations Between Self-Esteem And Sociometric Status In Information And Network Society. 106–113. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.03.02.13

Krauss, S., Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2020). Family environment and self-esteem development: A longitudinal study from age 10 to 16. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000263

Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2021). Self-Esteem as a Hierometer: Sociometric Status Is a More Potent and Proximate Predictor of Self-Esteem Than Socioeconomic Status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(12), 2613–2635. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001056

Mann, M., Hosman, C. M. H., Schaalma, H. P., & De Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041

Maroqi, N. (2019). Uji Validitas Konstruk Pada Instrumen Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale Dengan Metode Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia (JP3I), 7(2), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v7i2.12101

Mier, C., & Ladny, R. T. (2018). Does Self-esteem Negatively Impact Crime and Delinquency? A Meta-analytic Review of 25 Years of Evidence. Deviant Behavior, 39(8), 1006–1022. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1395667

Minev, M., Petrova, B., Mineva, K., Petkova, M., & Strebkova, R. (2018). Self-esteem in adolescents. Trakia Journal of Science, 16(2), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2018.02.007

Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-Esteem Research, Theory and Practice : Toward a Positive Psychology of Self-esteem (S. W. Sussman & A. Trulock (eds.); 3rd ed., Vol. 3). Springer Publishing Company, Inc.

Nguyen, D. T., Wright, E. P., Dedding, C., Pham, T. T., & Bunders, J. (2019). Low Self-Esteem and Its Association With Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation in Vietnamese Secondary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00698

Niman, S., Yunita, M., & Handayani, R. M. (2019). The Effect of Bibliotherapy on the Self Esteem among Early Adolescents . KnE Life Sciences, 4(13 SE-Articles). https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v4i13.5325

Niveau, N., New, B., & Beaudoin, M. (2021). Self-esteem Interventions in Adults – A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 94(September 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104131

Orth, U., Erol, R. Y., & Luciano, E. C. (2018). Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 Years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 144(10), 1045–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000161

Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The Development of Self-Esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414

Otterpohl, N., Bruch, S., Stiensmeier-Pelster, J., Steffgen, T., Schöne, C., & Schwinger, M. (2021). Clarifying the connection between parental conditional regard and contingent self-esteem: An examination of cross-lagged relations in early adolescence. Journal of Personality, 89(5), 986–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12631

Oyinloye, O. ., Akinola, O. ., Kayode, O., Ajani, A. ., & Akane, N. . (2019). Effects of Poverty on Adolescent Mental Health. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 24(February), 59. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2402064953

Pinquart, M., & Gerke, D.-C. (2019). Associations of Parenting Styles with Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(8), 2017–2035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01417-5

Powell, M. L. (2009). Cinematherapy as a clinical intervention: Theoretical rationale and empirical credibility. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 69(12-A), 4641. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc6&NEWS=N&AN=2009-99110-251

Powell, M. L., Newgent, R. A., & Lee, S. M. (2006). Group cinematherapy: Using metaphor to enhance adolescent self-esteem. Arts in Psychotherapy, 33(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.03.004

Reijer, M. (2018). Cinema-Therapy: Using Film as an Intervention A. 1–55.

Reitz, A. K. (2022). Self-esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 16(11), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12709

Roy Chowdhoury, S., Mandal, K., Das, S., Datta, K., & Datta, S. (2021). Study to determine the relationship between parenting style and adolescent self-esteem. IP Journal of Paediatrics and Nursing Science, 3(4), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpns.2020.021

Sacilotto, E., Salvato, G., Villa, F., Salvi, F., & Bottini, G. (2022). Through the Looking Glass: A Scoping Review of Cinema and Video Therapy . In Frontiers in Psychology (Vol. 12). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732246

Schöne, C., Tandler, S. S., & Stiensmeier-Pelster, J. (2015). Contingent self-esteem and vulnerability to depression: Academic contingent self-esteem predicts depressive symptoms in students. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(OCT), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01573

Schulenberg, S. E. (2003). Psychotherapy and Movies : On Using Films in Clinical Practice.

Sharma, S., & Agarwala, S. (2015). Self-Esteem and Collective Self-Esteem Among Adolescents: An Interventional Approach. Psychological Thought, 8(1), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v8i1.121

Solikhatin, N. H., & Lubis, H. (2021). Efektivitas Terapi Film Dalam Meningkatkan Harga Diri. 9(3), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo

Steiger, A. E., Allemand, M., Robins, R. W., & Fend, H. A. (2014). Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(2), 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035133

Szkody, E., Steele, E. H., & McKinney, C. (2020). Effects of Parenting Styles on Psychological Problems by Self Esteem and Gender Differences. Journal of Family Issues, 42(9), 1931–1954. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20958445

Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Lambe, L., Craig, W., & Jacobson, J. A. (2020). Self-esteem importance beliefs: A new perspective on adolescent self-esteem. Self and Identity, 19(8), 967–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2019.1711157

Zheng, L. R., Atherton, O. E., Trzesniewski, K., & Robins, R. W. (2020). Are self-esteem and academic achievement reciprocally related? Findings from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth. Journal of Personality, 88(6), 1058–1074. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12550