The Difference of Clinical Characteristic COVID-19 patient with Vaccinated and Unvaccinated
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22219/sm.Vol19.SMUMM2.29958Abstract
Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 was first discovered in Wuhan, China and spreads through respiratory droplet transmission with various clinical characteristics that are often encountered such as fever and cough, shortness of breath, myalgia and nausea/vomiting according to the severity of COVID-19 patients. The severity of clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients can be influenced by factors of age, comorbidities, gender, immunocompromised status, occupation (healthworkers), and vaccination status. This research is for knowing the differences in the clinical characteristics of vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients at University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta students. This study uses an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach and was carried out on students at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta who were confirmed to have COVID-19 using a google-form questionnaire as primary data. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. The symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever, cough, common cold, myalgia, anosmia or rash did not show a significant difference. Meanwhile, the symptoms of nausea/vomiting were found in individuals who had not been vaccinated more than individuals who had been vaccinated (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients who had been vaccinated or had not been vaccinated, except for complaint of nausea/vomiting.
Downloads
References
Aaron Kofman, M., Rami Kantor, M., & Eli Y. Adashi, M. M. (2021). Potential COVID-19 Endgame Scenarios Eradication, Elimination, Cohabitation, or Conflagration? JAMA.com. doi : 10.1001/jama.2021.11042
Akpolat, T., & Uzun, O. ˘. (2021). Reduced mortality rate after coronavac vaccine among healthcare workers. Journal of Infection, 83(2), e20-e21. doi :10.1016/j.jinf.2021.06.005
Antonelli, M., Penfold, R. S., Merino, J., Sudre, C. H., Molteni, E., Berry, S., . . . Graham, M. S. (2021). Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community- based, nested, case-control study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1-13. doi : 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00460-6
Baden, L., Sahly, H. E., B. Essink, K. K., S. Frey, R. N., Diemert, D., Spector, S., . . . Segall, N. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(5), 403-416. doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389
Benjamin S. Bleier, M., Murugappan Ramanathan Jr, M., & Andrew P. Lane, M. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccines May Not Prevent Nasal SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Asymptomatic Transmission. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (United States), 164(2), 305-307. doi : 10.1177/0194599820982633
Biswas, M., Rahaman, S., Biswas, T. K., Haque, Z., & Ibrahim, B. (2020). Association of Sex, Age, and, Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review Meta-Analysis. Karger. doi :10.1159/000512592
Brosseau, L. M., Escandón, K., Ulrich, A. K., Rasmussen, A. L., Roy, C. J., Bix, G. J., . . . Osterholm, M. T. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Dose, Infection, and Disease Outcomes for COVID-19 – A Review. Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. doi : 10.1093/cid/ciaa1675
Burhan, E., Isbaniah, F., Susanto, A. D., Yoga, T. A., soedarsono, Saertono, T. R., & Sugiri, Y. J. (2020). Pneumonia Covid-19 Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan. Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia. ISBN: 978-623-92946-0-7
Burhan, E., Susanto, A. D., Nasution, S. A., Ginanjar, E., Pitoyo, C. W., Susilo, A., . . . Wulung, N. G. (2020). Pedoman tatalaksana COVID-19 Edisi 3 Desember 2020. Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19, 36-37. ISBN: 978-623-92946-0-7
CDC. (2021). Science Brief: COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination.
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., . . . Wang, J. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., . . . Haupt, S. (2021). Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science, 371(6529). doi : 10.1126/science.abf4063
Dhewantara, P. W., Ramadhany, R., Hananto, M., Tejayanti, T., Hendarwan, H., & Suryatma, A. (2021). Penularan, Perawatan dan Kematian akibat COVID-19 padaTenaga Kesehatan di DKI Jakarta, Januari-Juni 2021.
Dong, Y., Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics, 145(6). doi : 10.1542/peds.2020-0702
Emary, K. R., Golubchik, T., Aley, P. K., Ariani, C. V., Angus, B., Bibi, S., . . . Dold, C. (2021). Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. www.The Lancet.com. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00628-0
Garcia-Beltran, W. F., Lam, E. C., Denis, K. S., Nitido, A. D., Garcia, Z. H., Hauser, B. M., . . . Naranbhai, V. (2021). Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. medRxiv. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013
García-Montero, C., Fraile-Martínez, O., Bravo, C., Torres-Carranza, D., Sanchez-Trujillo, L., Gómez-Lahoz, A. M., . . . Bujan, J. (2021). An updated review of sars-cov-2 vaccines and the importance of effective vaccination programs in pandemic times. Vaccines, 9(5), 1-22. doi : 10.3390/vaccines9050433
Ge, H., Wang, X., Yuan, X., Xiao, G., Wang, C., Deng, T., . . . Xiao, X. (2020). The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 39(6). doi : 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z
Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., . . . Tang, C. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708-1720. doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Guan, W.-j., Liang, W.-h., Zhao, Y., Liang, H.-r., & Chen, Z.-s. (2020). Comorbity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. CrossMark. doi : 10.1183/13993003.00547-2020
Gupta, R. K. (2021). Will SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern . Nature Reviews .doi : 10.1038/s41577-021-00556-5
Handayani, D., Hadi, D. R., Isbaniah, F., Burhan, E., & Agustin, H. (2020).
Penyakit Virus Corona 2019. Respir Indo, 40(2), 119-129. doi : 10.26497.jri.v40i2.101
Health, Washington State Department of;. (2021). COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths by Vaccination Status.
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Muller, M. A., Drosten, C., & Pohlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Elsevier. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P., & Shi, Z. L. (2021). Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19(3), 141-154. doi : 10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., . . . Yu, T. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Jara, A., Undurraga, E. A., González, C., Paredes, F., Fontecilla, T., Jara, G., . . . Leighton, P. (2021). Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile. New England Journal of Medicine, 1-11. doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2107715
Jarjour, N. N., Masopust, D., & Jameson, S. C. (2021). T Cell Memory: Understanding COVID-19. Cell Press. doi : 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.009
Jin, J.-M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X.-F., Han, D.-M., . . . Yang, J.-K. (2020). Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-6. doi : 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152
Keech, C., Albert, G., Cho, I., Robertson, A., Reed, P., Neal, S., . . . R.E. Haupt. (2020). Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(24), 2320-2332. doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2026920
KementrianKesehatanRI. (2020). Pedoman kesiapan menghadapi COVID-19. 0-115.
Kirtana, J., Kumar, A., Kumar, S. S., Singh, A. K., Sharma, S. H., Shankar, A., . . . Sethi, P. (2020). Mild COVID-19 infection-predicting symptomatic phase and outcome: A study from AIIMS, New Delhi. J Family Med Prim Care, 5360–5365. doi : 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1610_20
Levine-Tiefenbrun, M., Yelin, I., Katz, R., Herzel, E., Golan, Z., Schreiber, L., . . . Kishony, R. (2021). Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(5), 790-792. doi : 10.1038/s41591-021-01316-7
Li, Y., Tenchov, R., Smoot, J., Liu, C., Watkins, S., & Zhou, Q. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development. ACS Central Science, 7(4), 512-533. doi : 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120
Liu, J., Li, S., Liu, J., Liang, B., Wang, X., Wang, H., . . . Guo, C. (2020). Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine, 55. doi : 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763
Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R., & Halton, J. (2020). Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed. New England Journal of Medicine. doi : 10.1056/NEJMp2005630
Maxime Taquet, P., Quentin Dercon, M., & Paul J Harrison, F. (2021). Six- month sequelae of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study of 10,024 breakthrough infections. MedRxiv. doi : 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.013
Naserghandi, A., Allameh, S. F., & R.Saffarpour. (2020). All about COVID-19 in brief. New Microbes and New Infections, 35. doi : 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100678
Palacios, R., Patiño, E. G., Piorelli, R. d., Conde, M. T., Batista, A. P., Zeng, G., . . . Gast, C. (2020). Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of treating Healthcare Professionals with the Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine Manufactured by Sinovac – PROFISCOV: A structured summary of a. Trials, 21(1), 21-23. doi : 10.1007/s11684-021-0913-y
Parasher, A. (2021). COVID-19: Current understanding of its Pathophysiology, Clinical presentation and Treatment. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 97(1147), 312-320. doi : 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138577
Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Buono, R. D., & Costa, F. (2020). COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. Journal of Internal Medicine(10.1111/joim.13091), 1-15. doi : 10.1111/joim.13091
Rohde, R. E., & McNamara, R. (2021, July 22). US is split between the vaccinated and unvaccinated – and deaths and hospitalizations reflect this divide. doi : 10.1007/s11606-022-08007-0
Rosenberg, E. S., Holtgrave, D. R., Dorabawila, V., Conroy, M., Greene, D., Lutterloh, E., . . . Zucker, H. A. (2021). New COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Adults , by Vaccination Status — New York , May 3 – July 25 , 2021. US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 70(34). doi : 10.15585/mmwr.mm7034e1
Russell, M. W., Moldoveanu, Z., Ogra, P. L., & Mestecky, J. (2020). Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1-5. doi : 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611337
Saeidi, A., Zandi, K., Cheok, Y. Y., Saeidi, H., Wong, W. F., Lee, C. Y., . . . Shankar, E. M. (2018). T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections: Reversing the state of exhaustion and reinvigorating optimal protective immune responses. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 1-12. doi : 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02569
Schmidt, M. E., & Varga, S. M. (2018). The CD8 T cell response to respiratory virus infections. Frontiers in Immunology, 9. doi : 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00678
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Azarine Marwah, Iin Novita Nurhidayati Mahmuda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
