Social support and parental self-efficacy with children admitted to the intensive care unit: A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: Parents of children in intensive care often experience significant psychological stress, including anxiety, and require substantial social support to cope with these challenges. Previous quantitative research emphasizes the need to further explore the sources, types, and effects of social support that parents need. Adequate support is believed to enhance parental self-efficacy, facilitating greater participation in their child’s care.
Objective: To investigate the role of social support and parental self-efficacy among parents of children admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).
Methods: This systematic review examined research on social support and self-efficacy among parents of children in PICUs. The inclusion criteria were: (1) studies involving parents of children in intensive care units, (2) publications between January 2021 and March 2025, and (3) studies published in English. Relevant studies were identified from five major databases: PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Wiley. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, and the quality of studies was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools.
Results: Nine quantitative studies were included in this systematic review, most of which showed a methodological quality rating of over 70%. Social support was provided by nurses, other healthcare professionals, and family members. Nurses’ support aimed to enhance parental self-efficacy, reduce stress, improve readiness for discharge, and foster bonding. This support was offered both during hospitalization and after discharge from the intensive care unit.
Conclusions: Nurses in PICUs should consider the well-being of both the child and their parents. Offering comprehensive and effective social support can significantly enhance parents' empowerment and self-efficacy, both during the child’s critical care and after discharge.