Waste management without direction in Indonesia: a proposed legal reform towards smart cities

Authors

  • Prischa Listiningrum Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
  • Moh. Dahlan Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Anis Zhafran Al Anwary Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
  • Herlin Sri Wahyuni Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
  • Rizqi Bachtiar School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, United Kingdom

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i2.27375

Keywords:

Circular economy, Indonesia, legal reform, municipal solid waste, smart city

Abstract

This article delves into the regulation of municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Indonesia, viewed from the concepts of smart city and circular economy. The legal politics of Law Number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management has been restricted to the concept of 3Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle. The idea of a circular economy refers to the principle of 10 Rs, consisting of refuse, rethink, reduce, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle, and recover. The concept of circular economy is believed to be essential to achieving the decarbonization goals mandated by the Paris Agreement. With a socio-legal approach, this research examines to what extent Waste Management Law can serve as the basis for implementing a circular economy in municipal areas. This research reveals that the concept of a circular economy has yet to be applied to manage waste in a municipal scope. Circular economy-based smart cities in MSW management can only be achieved through adequate facilities and changes in people’s behaviour. However, it is still questionable whether the Municipal Government is fully obliged to manage household waste because the Waste Management Law is silent on this matter but clearly states the community’s obligation to reduce and handle household waste as a waste producer. The division of waste-handling tasks also exacerbates this in several agencies, which, in practice, creates confusion for society. Hence, legal reforms are needed to reconcile the conflicting problems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abubakar, I. R., Maniruzzaman, K. M., Dano, U. L., AlShihri, F. S., AlShammari, M. S., Ahmed, S. M. S., Al-Gehlani, W. A. G., & Alrawaf, T. I. (2022). Environmental Sustainability Impacts of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Global South. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022, Vol. 19, Page 12717, 19(19), 12717. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH191912717

Aditya, Z. F., & Al Fatih, S. (2022). The Legalization of Medical Marijuana: A Human Rights Law Perspective. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i2.36

Alliance to End Plastic Waste. (n.d.). Bersih Indonesia: Eliminasi Sampah Plastik. Alliance to End Plastic Waste. Retrieved August 8, 2023, from https://endplasticwaste.org/en/our-work/plastic-waste-free-communities/bersih-indonesia

Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., & Grandhi, S. (2021). A Systematic Review of E-Waste Generation and Environmental Management of Asia Pacific Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18179051

Arifin, S. (2022). Abuse of Human Rights in Myanmar: An Urgent Appeal to Reinterpret the ASEAN Non-Interference Principle. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(2), 128–144. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i2.12

Arrsa, R. C., Listiningrum, P., & Siswanto, A. S. (2022). Urgency of Online Petition to guarantee the Freedom of Speech and Participate Rights in Government. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.5

Arumdani, I. S., Puspita, A. S., & Budihardjo, M. A. (2021). MSW handling of top 5 leading waste-producing countries in Southeast Asia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 896(1), 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012003

Aspan, Z., & Yunus, A. (2019). The right to a good and healthy environment: Revitalizing green constitution. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 343(1), 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012067

Bachtiar, R., & Listiningrum, P. (2022). Local Governments Amalgamation in Indonesia: Prospects and Challenges. Lex Localis, 20(3), 597–616. https://doi.org/10.4335/20.3.597-616(2022)

Banakar, R., & Travers, M. (2005a). Introduction to Theory and Method in Socio-Legal Research. In R. Banakar & M. Travers (Eds.), Theory and Method in Socio-Legal Research. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Banakar, R., & Travers, M. (2005b). Theory and Method in Socio-Legal Research. In Hart Publishing (pp. 33–49). http://www.scottishlawreports.org.uk/resources/keycases/dvs/

Berg, H., Sebestyén, J., Bendix, P., Le Blevennec, K., & Vrancken, K. (2020). Digital waste management.

Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2020). The emerging data–driven Smart City and its innovative applied solutions for sustainability: the cases of London and Barcelona. Energy Informatics, 3(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1186/S42162-020-00108-6/FIGURES/6

Buana, M. S., Listiningrum, P., Nugroho, P. A., & Marbun, A. A. Y. (2023). The Nusantara Capital City Project: Why Development and Human Rights Do Not Always Mix. Law and Development Review, 16(1), 185–223. https://doi.org/10.1515/LDR-2022-0063/DOWNLOADASSET/SUPPL/J_LDR-2022-0063_SUPPL.DOCX

Budihardjo, M. A., Humaira, N. G., Ramadan, B. S., Wahyuningrum, I. F. S., & Huboyo, H. S. (2023). Strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management in Indonesia: The case of Semarang City. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 69, 771–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AEJ.2023.02.029

Cialani, C., & Mortazavi, R. (2020). The Cost of Urban Waste Management: An Empirical Analysis of Recycling Patterns in Italy. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 2, 507264. https://doi.org/10.3389/FRSC.2020.00008/BIBTEX

Dhokhikah, Y., Trihadiningrum, Y., & Sunaryo, S. (2015). Community participation in household solid waste reduction in Surabaya, Indonesia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 102, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2015.06.013

Dian Trisna Delfyan, author. (2021). Analisis implementasi kebijakan pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga di kabupaten bekasi = Policy implementation analysis of household waste management in bekasi regency. [Universitas Indonesia]. https://lib.ui.ac.id

Dopierała-Kalińska, W., & Ossowski, S. (2023). Smart Citizen in Smart City. In Smart Cities and Digital Transformation: Empowering Communities, Limitless Innovation, Sustainable Development and the Next Generation (pp. 85–103). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80455-994-920231005

Esfandiari, F., Fauzia, A., Putri Hidayah, N., Anggraeny, I., Dwi Kurniawan, K., & AlFatih, S. (2022). Legal Construction of Filling Vacancies in Representative Office Positions Due to Dissolution of Political Parties. KnE Social Sciences, 2022(1), 468–478. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i15.12119

European Commission. (n.d.). Smart cities. EU. Retrieved June 13, 2023, from https://commission.europa.eu/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en

Fayomi, G. U., Mini, S. E., Chisom, C. M., Fayomi, O. S. I., Udoye, N. E., Agboola, O., & Oomole, D. (2021). Smart Waste Management for Smart City: Impact on Industrialization. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 655(1), 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/655/1/012040

Gautam, M., & Agrawal, M. (2021). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Review of Global Scenario. Environmental Footprints and Eco-Design of Products and Processes, 123–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9577-6_5/COVER

Gherheş, V., Fărcaşiu, M. A., & Para, I. (2022). Environmental Problems: An Analysis of Students’ Perceptions Towards Selective Waste Collection. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 803211. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.803211/BIBTEX

Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2015.09.007

Hajad, V., Ikhsan, I., Herizal, H., Latif, I. R., & Marefanda, N. (2023). Poverty and the Curse of Natural Resources in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy, 4(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.46507/jcgpp.v4i1.92

Haltinner, K., & Sarathchandra, D. (2021). The Nature and Nuance of Climate Change Skepticism in the United States*. Rural Sociology, 86(4), 673–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/RUSO.12371

Helander, H., Bruckner, M., Leipold, S., -, al, Mariam, N., Valerie, K., Karin, D., Cahyani, F. A., Wulandari, P., & Putri, N. A. (2022). Food waste management regulation in Indonesia to achieve sustainable development goals. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 978(1), 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/978/1/012022

Hoeriyah, L., Nuryartono, N., & Pasaribu, S. H. (2022). Economic Complexity and Sustainable Growth in Developing Countries. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 11(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.15294/EDAJ.V11I1.47294

Humaidi, W., & Rahmadanti, I. S. (2023). Constitutional Design of State Policy as Guidelines on Indonesia’s Presidential System Development Plan. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 1, 61–76. https://doi.org/10.24090/VOLKSGEIST.V6I1.7981

Jain, A. (2017). Waste Management in ASEAN Countries.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (n.d.). SIPSN. KemenLHK. Retrieved June 13, 2023, from https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/

Kevin van Langen, S., Vassillo, C., Ghisellini, P., Restaino, D., Passaro, R., & Ulgiati, S. (2021). Promoting circular economy transition: A study about perceptions and awareness by different stakeholders groups. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128166. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2021.128166

Knäble, D., de Quevedo Puente, E., Pérez-Cornejo, C., & Baumgärtler, T. (2022). The impact of the circular economy on sustainable development: A European panel data approach. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 34, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SPC.2022.09.016

Koraganji, D. V., Garimella, R., & Kandra, P. (2022). Current trends and future challenges in smart waste management in smart cities. In Advanced Organic Waste Management (pp. 395–406). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85792-5.00027-7

Kristanto, G. A., Pratama, M. A., & Rahmawati, D. F. (2020). Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from solid waste management and wastewater treatment in the Nizam Zachman Fishery Port, Jakarta, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 423(1), 012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/423/1/012039

Kusumaningrum, A., Bachtiar, R., & Listiningrum, P. (n.d.). Improving Indonesia’s Commitment to Open Government Through Improving Indonesia’s Commitment to Open Government Through Online Petition Online Petition. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 16(2), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol16.2.762

Lewinsohn-Zamir, D., Zamir, E., & Katz, O. (2022). Giving reasons as a means to enhance compliance with legal norms. University of Toronto Law Journal, 72(3), 316–355. https://doi.org/10.3138/UTLJ-2021-0034

Listiningrum, P. (2019a). Eksistensi dan Kedudukan Peraturan Presiden dalam Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia. Arena Hukum, 12(2), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.ARENAHUKUM.2019.01202.7

Listiningrum, P. (2019b). Transboundary Civil Litigation for Victims of Southeast Asian Haze Pollution: Access to Justice and the Non-Discrimination Principle. Transnational Environmental Law, 8(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102518000298

Listiningrum, P., & Bachtiar, R. (2018). The Emergence of Access to Environmental Justice in Indonesia (A Case Study on Mining for Cement in Kendeng Mountains). 236–240. https://doi.org/10.2991/ICEML-18.2018.52

Listiningrum, P., Idris, S. H., Vilandamargin, D., Nurosidah, S., & Suhartini, S. (2022). Regulating Biogas Power Plant From Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME): A Challenge to Indonesia’s Just Energy Transition. Yustisia, 11(2), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.20961/YUSTISIA.V11I2.56421

Listiningrum, P., Savira Firdaus, R., Annamalia, Q., & Mayarana, A. (2021). Optimasi Regulasi, Fasilitas, dan Public Awareness Penanganan Limbah Infeksius di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Dedikasi Hukum, 1(3), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.22219/JDH.V1I3.17631

M A Hamad, A., Jannial, J., & Indriyani, R. (2022). Mechanisms of the Legal Protection of Human Rights in Global Regulation. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i2.31

Maalouf, A., & Mavropoulos, A. (2023). Re-assessing global municipal solid waste generation. Waste Management & Research, 41(4), 936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221074116

Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2017). Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/016934411102900411, 29(4), 578–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934411102900411

Mahira, D. F., Koeswahyono, I., & Listiningrum, P. (2021). Pemaknaan Pengecualian Hak Atas Informasi Sumber Daya Hutan Menurut Undang-Undang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik Untuk Mewujudkan Tata Kelola Hutan Berkelanjutan. Universitas Brawijaya.

Mcallister, J. (2015). Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World World [Utah State University]. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports

Muktiono. (2022). Indonesian Blasphemy Law as Legal Forum for Renegotiating Indonesian Secularity. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.1

N. Perkins, D., Brune Drisse, M.-N., Nxele, T., & D. Sly, P. (2014). E-Waste: A Global Hazard. Annals of Global Health, 80(4), 286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2014.10.001

Nakano, S., & Washizu, A. (2021). Will smart cities enhance the social capital of residents? The importance of smart neighborhood management. Cities, 115, 103244. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2021.103244

National Geographic Society. (2022, May 20). Smart Cities. National Geographic. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/smart-cities/

Ng, L. (2022). Forgotten and Invisible Laborers: Domestic Workers in Singapore and Taiwan. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(2), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i2.14

Nur, A. I. (2022). Human Rights Aspect in the Indonesian Energy Transition: The Challenges of Promoting the Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(2), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i2.15

Pearce, D. W., & Turner, R. K. (1990). Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment - David W. Pearce, R. Kerry Turner - Google Books. The John Hopkins University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ex8vaG6m4RMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&ots=lAbLTwODbG&sig=qVq6BaKYlE_GrilzmXYlWDBy5xo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Prakasa, S. U. W. (2023). Paradigm of Law and Human Rights as a Protection of Academic Freedom in Indonesia. Human Rights in the Global South, 2(1), 37–52.

Pratiwi, C. S., Listiningrum, P., & Al Anwary, M. A. Z. (2022). Critiques on Contemporary Discourse of International Human Rights Law: a Global South Perspective. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.3

Puspa, A. (2023, June 14). Anggaran Pengelolaan Sampah Perlu Ditingkatkan. Media Indonesia. https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/589442/anggaran-pengelolaan-sampah-perlu-ditingkatkan

Qonitan, F. D., Wayan Koko Suryawan, I., & Rahman, A. (2021). Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Energy Utilization Potential in Major Cities of Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1858(1), 012064. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1858/1/012064

Rashed Hama, A., Tahir, T. A., Jamal Ali -, B., Meng-Chuen Chen, D., Leon Bodirsky, B., Krueger, T., & Shershneva, E. G. (2022). Analysis of Correlation between Waste Accumulation and Countries Welfare Level. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 988(2), 022034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022034

Risky, S., Al-Fatih, S., Azizah, M., Negeri, I., Kiai, P., Saifuddin, H., & Purwokerto, Z. (2023). Political Configuration of Electoral System Law in Indonesia from State Administration Perspective. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 1, 119–130. https://doi.org/10.24090/VOLKSGEIST.V6I1.7940

Setya, K. W., Nasihuddin, A. A., & Wook, I. (2023). Fulfilling Communal Rights through the Implementation of the Second Principle of Pancasila towards the Regulation on Agrarian Reform. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 1, 89–102. https://doi.org/10.24090/VOLKSGEIST.V6I1.7867

Singh, A. (2023). Economic Objections to the Policies of the Government of India in Supporting Cultural Motherhood. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 2(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.56784/HRGS.V2I1.48

Singh, S. (2023). Legal Foundations of Economic Inequality in the Time Loop of Law and Economics Movement. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 2(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.56784/HRGS.V2I1.39

Suhartini, S., Rohma, N. A., Elviliana, Santoso, I., Paul, R., Listiningrum, P., & Melville, L. (2022). Food waste to bioenergy: current status and role in future circular economies in Indonesia. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 7(4), 297–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40974-022-00248-3

Susmono. (2017). Indonesia municiple solid waste life cycle and environmental monitoring: current situation, before and future challenges. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 60(1), 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/60/1/012003

The World Bank. (2022). Solid Waste Management. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management#:~:text=In%202020%2C%20the%20world%20was,3.88%20billion%20tonnes%20in%202050.

Ulum, B. (2022). Equality Value in the Systems of the Democracy of the Tribal People of Baduy. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.7

U.S. Embassy and Consulates In Indonesia. (2023). Indonesian MoEF and US EPA Sign MoU to Enhance Environmental Cooperation. U.S. Embassy and Consulates In Indonesia. https://id.usembassy.gov/indonesian-moef-and-us-epa-sign-mou-to-enhance-environmental-cooperation/

USAID. (2021). Testing a Cost-Effective Model for “Zero Waste” in Indonesian Communities. USAID. https://urban-links.org/resource/testing-a-cost-effective-model-for-zero-waste-in-indonesian-communities/

Vallejos, V. R. (2023). Non-Incorporation of the Principle of Non-Refoulement in the Chilean Immigration and Aliens Law. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 2(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.56784/HRGS.V2I1.51

Venezia, L. (2020). MISTAKEN AUTHORITY AND OBLIGATION. Legal Theory, 26(4), 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135232522100001X

Webley, L. (2010). Qualitative Approaches to Empirical Legal Research. In The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199542475.013.0039

Wisanggeni, S. P., Rosalina, M. P., & Krisna, A. (2022, May 20). Anggaran Rendah, Sampah Melimpah - Kompas.id. Kompas. https://www.kompas.id/baca/desk/2022/05/19/anggaran-rendah-sampah-melimpah

Yang, M., Chen, L., Wang, J., Msigwa, G., Osman, A. I., Fawzy, S., Rooney, D. W., & Yap, P. S. (2022). Circular economy strategies for combating climate change and other environmental issues. Environmental Chemistry Letters 2022 21:1, 21(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10311-022-01499-6

Yearwood, R. J., & Newton, S. K. (2022). The Retention of the Mandatory Death Penalty in Trinidad and Tobago: An Ongoing Human Rights Concern. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 13–34. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.4

Yustiari, S. H. (2020). Smart Governance and Smart Cities: A Review of The Literature. Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik, 6(1), 166–169. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.JIAP.2020.006.01.19

Zhijun, F., & Nailing, Y. (2007). Putting a circular economy into practice in China. Sustainability Science, 2(1), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11625-006-0018-1/METRICS

Downloads

Published

2023-08-26

How to Cite

Listiningrum, P., Dahlan, M., Anwary, M. A. Z. A., Wahyuni, H. S., & Bachtiar, R. (2023). Waste management without direction in Indonesia: a proposed legal reform towards smart cities. Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 31(2), 224–244. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i2.27375

Issue

Section

Journal's Articles