Examining the complexity of child marriage as sexual violence in digital era
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i2.28881Keywords:
Child marriage, criminal offense, sexual violence, promiscuityAbstract
Child marriage in the digital era is an interesting fact because this type of marriage is classified as sexual violence. However, child marriage is very common in Indonesia because of many factors. Child marriage in the digital era is known to have triggered many problems, such as reproductive health problems, domestic violence, and divorce. However, considering child marriage as a criminal offense of sexual violence (TPKS) as stated in Law Number 12 of 2022, is unwise. Departing from this issue, this research identifies three reasons why child marriage cannot be categorized as sexual violence in the digital era. The results of this paper show that child marriage in Indonesia is inevitable due to three main arguments: Islamic teachings permit child marriage, the high number of marriage dispensations, and the TPKS Law focuses more on protecting women, not the spouses of child marriage perpetrators. Another cause of child marriage is poor education in the digital era, coupled with poor understanding of the importance of self-protection from promiscuity in the digital era among community members. Education on gender equality and reproduction also has not been properly applied. Finally, marriage guidance for teenagers and prospective brides in the digital era has not been implemented yet.
Downloads
References
Ahinkorah, B. O., Onayemi, O. M., Seidu, A.-A., Awopegba, O. E., & Ajayi, A. I. (2022). Association Between Girl-child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights From a Multicountry Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(15–16), NP13560–NP13580. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211005139
Ahmad, Y. (2022). Emergency Reasons In The Application Of Marriage Dispensation. Journal of Comprehensive Science, 1(3), 21–47.
Ahonsi, B., Fuseini, K., Nai, D., Goldson, E., Owusu, S., Ndifuna, I., Humes, I., & Tapsoba, P. L. (2019). Child marriage in Ghana: Evidence from a multi-method study. BMC Women’s Health, 19(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0823-1
Alwi, B., & Munir, S. (2023). Analysis of the Problems of Early Marriage on Islam in Krucil Sumber Durian Village, Probolinggo. Risalah, Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Studi Islam, 9(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.31943/jurnal_risalah.v9i2.571
Anissa, N., Hamid, A., & Ratnawati, R. (2021). Usia Kawin Perempuan dalam Paradigma Hukum Islam. DOKTRINA: JOURNAL OF LAW, 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.31289/doktrina.v4i1.4253
Ansari, T., & Negara, S. (2023). Normative Legal Research in Indonesia: Its Originis and Approaches. Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ), 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.22219/ACLJ.V4I1.24855
Antai, D. (2011). Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 511. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-511
Aso, R. A. M., Malarangan, H., & Raden, S. (2020). Alasan Dispensasi Nikah Usia Dini (studi Kasus Di Pengadilan Agama Palu ). Familia: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.24239/familia.v1i2.14
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Proporsi Perempuan Umur 20-24 Tahun Yang Berstatus Kawin Atau Berstatus Hidup Bersama Sebelum Umur 15 Tahun (Persen). https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/view_data/0000/data/1358/sdgs_5/1
Barkah, Q., Huzaimah, A., Rochmiyatun, S., Andriyani, & Ramdani, Z. (2022). Abandonment of Women’s Rights in Child Marriage; An Islamic Law Perspective. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 17(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v17i2.6725
Bartels, S. A., Michael, S., & Bunting, A. (2021). Child Marriage among Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: At the Gendered Intersection of Poverty, Immigration, and Safety. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 19(4), 472–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2020.1839619
Cameron, L., Contreras Suarez, D., & Wieczkiewicz, S. (2023). Child marriage: Using the Indonesian family life survey to examine the lives of women and men who married at an early age. Review of Economics of the Household, 21(3), 725–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-022-09616-8
Christian, J. H., & Edenela, K. (2019). The Deprivation of Women’s Rights Due to Discrimination on the Marriage Age Limit. Lex Scientia Law Review, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v3i1.30723
Chusnida, N. L., & Anggriawan, T. P. (2022). Dispensation of Marriage in The Perspective of Children’s Rights: Best Interest of The Children. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 22(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2022.V22.295-310
Dewi, N. (2018). Child Marriage In Short Stories From Indonesia And Bangladesh: Victor, Survivor, And Victim. International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS), 2(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v2i1.1511
DiGiuseppe, M., & Haer, R. (2023). The wedding bells of war: The influence of armed conflict on child marriages in West Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 60(3), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221080056
Disemadi, H. S., Al-Fatih, S., & Yusro, M. A. (2020). Indonesian Children Protection against Commercial Sexual Exploitation through Siri Marriage Practices in Maqashid Al-Shariah Perspective. Brawijaya Law Journal, 7(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2020.007.02.04
Djubaedah, N. (2019). Child Marriage And Zina In Indonesian Legislation In Islamic Law. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 49(1), 202–223. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no1.1917
Efevbera, Y., & Bhabha, J. (2020). Defining and deconstructing girl child marriage and applications to global public health. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1547. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09545-0
El Arab, R., & Sagbakken, M. (2019). Child marriage of female Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon: A literature review. Global Health Action, 12(1), 1585709. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1585709
Elnakib, S., El Khoury, G., Salameh, P., Sacre, H., Abirafeh, L., Robinson, W. C., & Metzler, J. (2022). Investigating Incidence, Correlates, and Consequences of Child Marriage Among Syrian Refugees Residing in the South of Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(3, Supplement), S64–S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.022
Fadhli, A., & Warman, A. B. (2021). ‘Alasan Khawatir’ Pada Penetapan Hukum Dispensasi Kawin Di Pengadilan Agama Batusangkar. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 14(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2021.14203
Fakihudin, R., Raharjanti, P., & Huda, M. W. S. (2022). Relevance Of Religious Court Decisions Regarding Dispensation In Child Marriage. Indonesia Private Law Review, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v3i1.2567
Fauzi, I., & Ismayawati, A. (2022). Child Marriage in Indonesia: Sexual Violence or Not? De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, 14(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v14i2.17850
Fuadi, M. (2023). Analisis Kasus Dispensasi Menikah dan Korelasinya dengan Kebijakan Permendikbud Tentang Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Kekerasan Seksual di Lingkungan Satuan Pendidikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 8(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v8i3.1556
Gaffney-Rhys, R. (2011). International law as an instrument to combat child marriage. The International Journal of Human Rights, 15(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980903315398
Gámez-Guadix, M., Mateos-Pérez, E., Wachs, S., Wright, M., Martínez, J., & Íncera, D. (2022). Assessing image-based sexual abuse: Measurement, prevalence, and temporal stability of sextortion and nonconsensual sexting (“revenge porn”) among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 94(5), 789–799. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12064
Gastón, C. M., Misunas, C., & Cappa, C. (2019). Child marriage among boys: A global overview of available data. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 14(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584
Girls Not Brides. (2022, August 26). Child Marriage in Indonesia. Girls Not Brides. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/learning-resources/child-marriage-atlas/regions-and-countries/indonesia/
Grijns, M., & Horii, H. (2018). Child Marriage in a Village in West Java (Indonesia): Compromises between Legal Obligations and Religious Concerns. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 5(2), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2018.9
Hanafi, Y. (2016). Kontroversi Usia Kawin Aisyah Ra dan Kaitannya dengan Legalitas Perkawinan Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Islam. Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam IAIN Mataram, 15(2), 296–319.
Horii, H. (2020). A blind spot in international human rights framework: A space between tradition and modernity within the child marriage discourse. The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(8), 1057–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1690468
Hotchkiss, D. R., Godha, D., Gage, A. J., & Cappa, C. (2016). Risk factors associated with the practice of child marriage among Roma girls in Serbia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 16(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0081-3
Indonesian National Commission on Violence Against Women. (2023). Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Di Ranah Publik Dan Negara: Minimnya Perlindungan Dan Pemulihan Catahu 2023: Catatan Tahunan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Tahun 2022. Komnas Perempuan.
Ismawayati, A., & Ngazizah, I. F. (2022). Criminal Acts in Completing Early Marriage Requirements: Tuku Umur Practices in Islamic Communities in Central Java, Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i1.13001
Jamilah, J., & Raudlatun, R. (2019). Fenomena Pernikahan Anak Di Sumenep Madura. Jurnal Harkat : Media Komunikasi Gender, 15(1), Article 1.
Jatmiko, B. D. W., Hidayah, N. P., & Echaib, S. (2022). Legal Status of Interfaith Marriage in Indonesia and Its Implications for Registration. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 2(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v2i3.43
John, N. A., Edmeades, J., & Murithi, L. (2019). Child marriage and psychological well-being in Niger and Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1029. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7314-z
Khusurur, M. (2021). BALIGH (Kajian Hukum Fiqh dan Hukum Positif di Indonesia). Jurnal Al-Wasith : Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.52802/wst.v6i1.198
Kidman, R. (2017). Child marriage and intimate partner violence: A comparative study of 34 countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2), 662–675. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw225
Kim, S., Choi, E., & Champion, J. D. (2023). Technology-facilitated Sexual Violence in South Korea: A Content Analysis of a Website for Victims. Violence Against Women, 10778012231172712. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231172712
Kodir, F. A. (2020). Seksualitas Perempuan dalam Teks-teks Hadis Nabi saw. Swara Rahima. https://swararahima.com/2020/11/06/seksualitas-perempuan-dalam-teks-teks-hadis-nabi-saw/
Kohno, A., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Dahlui, M., Farid, N. D. N., & Nakayama, T. (2020). Investigation of the key factors that influence the girls to enter into child marriage: A meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence. PLOS ONE, 15(7), e0235959. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235959
Latifiani, D. (2019). The Darkest Phase for Family: Child Marriage Prevention and Its Complexity in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 4(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i2.34708
Malhotra, A., & Elnakib, S. (2021). 20 Years of the Evidence Base on What Works to Prevent Child Marriage: A Systematic Review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(5), 847–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.017
March, E., Szymczak, P., Di Rago, M., & Jonason, P. K. (2022). Passive, invasive, and duplicitous: Three forms of intimate partner cyberstalking. Personality and Individual Differences, 189, 111502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111502
Mariani, M. (2022). Reactualization of the Marriage Age Limit in Indonesia (in the Perspective of Maslahah Mursalah). Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal, 7(1), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.32801/lamlaj.v7i1.309
Marzuki, I., & Siroj, A. M. (2023). Pemaksaan Perkawinan Dalam Konteks Kajian Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual. REUSAM: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 10(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.29103/reusam.v10i2.10444
McLachlan, F., & Harris, B. (2022). Intimate Risks: Examining Online and Offline Abuse, Homicide Flags, and Femicide. Victims & Offenders, 17(5), 623–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2036658
Mongkaren, J. L. F., Antow, D. T., & Mamengko, R. S. (2023). Tindak Pidana Pemaksaan Perkawinan Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022. LEX CRIMEN, 12(3), Article 3. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexcrimen/article/view/47970
Muhsin, M., & Inah, I. (2014). Perempuan Dan Periwayatan Hadits: Studi Tentang Peran Aisyah Dalam Periwayatan Hadits. Al-Fath, 8(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.32678/alfath.v8i1.3055
Muksalmina, M., Faisal, F., Afrizal, T. Y., & Ramziati, R. (2022). Dynamics Of Marriage Age Limitation In Islamic Law And Positive Law. Syiah Kuala Law Journal, 6(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v6i2.29120
Mursyid, S., & Yusuf, N. (2022). Changes in Marriage Age Limits and Marriage Dispensations: A Study of Causes and Impacts on the Religious Courts in North Sulawesi. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 6(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.12439
Musyarrafa, N. I., & Khalik, S. (2020). BATAS USIA PERNIKAHAN DALAM ISLAM; Analisis Ulama Mazhab Terhadap Batas Usia Nikah. Shautuna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Perbandingan Mazhab dan Hukum. https://doi.org/10.24252/shautuna.v1i3.15465
Nasrullah, M., Zakar, R., & Zakar, M. Z. (2014). Child marriage and its associations with controlling behaviors and spousal violence against adolescent and young women in Pakistan. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 55(6), 804–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.013
Naveed, S., & Butt, K. (2015). Causes and Consequences of Child Marriages in South Asia: Pakistan’s Perspective. South Asian Studies, 30, 161.
Nawawi, M. A. (2022). Harmonization of Islam and human rights: Judges’ legal arguments in rejecting child marriage dispensation in Sukadana, Indonesia. In Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan (Vol. 22, Issue 1, pp. 117–133). https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.117-133
Nawawi, M. A., Sulastri, S., Edi, R. N., & Setiawan, A. (2022). Harmonization of Islam and human rights: Judges’ legal arguments in rejecting child marriage dispensation in Sukadana, Indonesia. Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 22(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.117-134
Parsons, J., Edmeades, J., Kes, A., Petroni, S., Sexton, M., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: A Review of the Literature. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13(3), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757
Paul, P., & Chouhan, P. (2019). Association between child marriage and utilization of maternal health care services in India: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Midwifery, 75, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.04.007
Prabawati, T. D., & Rusdiana, E. (2019). Kajian Yuridis Mengenai Alasan Pengajuan Dispensasi Kawin Dikaitkan Dengan Asas-Asas Perlindungan Anak. NOVUM : JURNAL HUKUM, 6(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2674/novum.v6i3.30602
Psaki, S. R., Melnikas, A. J., Haque, E., Saul, G., Misunas, C., Patel, S. K., Ngo, T., & Amin, S. (2021). What Are the Drivers of Child Marriage? A Conceptual Framework to Guide Policies and Programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(6, Supplement), S13–S22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.09.001
Qamar, M., Harris, M. A., & Tustin, J. L. (2022). The Association Between Child Marriage and Domestic Violence in Afghanistan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5–6), 2948–2961. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520951310
Rahiem, M. D. H. (2021). COVID-19 and the surge of child marriages: A phenomenon in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 118, 105168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105168
Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Balaiah, D., & Silverman, J. G. (2009). Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: A cross-sectional, observational study. Lancet (London, England), 373(9678), 1883–1889. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60246-4
Ramadhita, R. (2014). Diskresi Hakim: Pola Penyelesaian Kasus Dispensasi Perkawinan. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syariah, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v6i1.3192
Ratnaningsih, M., Utami, R., & Waksi, F. (2020). Status Kesehatan Remaja Perempuan yang Mengalami Perkawinan Anak. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 7(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkr.48889
Revkin, M. R., & Wood, E. J. (2021). The Islamic State’s Pattern of Sexual Violence: Ideology and Institutions, Policies and Practices. Journal of Global Security Studies, 6(2), ogaa038. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaa038
Ricci, G., Nittari, G., Caraffa, A. M., Corticelli, F., Gibelli, F., & Sirignano, A. (2022). Revenge porn in the Italian regulatory and social context: New crime or old blackmail? RASSEGNA ITALIANA DI CRIMINOLOGIA, 3, Article 3. https://doi.org/10.7347/RIC-032022-p201
Ridwan, M. F. (2023). Hamil Duluan, Jadi Alasan Mayoritas Pemohon Dispensasi Nikah. https://rejabar.republika.co.id/berita/ronnyb396/hamil-duluan-jadi-alasan-mayoritas-pemohon-dispensasi-nikah
Rifqi, M. J. (2017). Analisis Utilitarianisme Terhadap Dispensasi Nikah Pada Undang-Undang Perkawinan Nomor 1 Tahun 1974. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 10(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2017.10204
Rosidah, Z. N., Karjoko, L., & Palil, M. R. (2023). The Government’s Role in Interfaith Marriage Rights Protection: A Case Study of Adjustment and Social Integration. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3(2), 265–287. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i2.105
Salenda, K. (2016). Abuse of Islamic Law and Child Marriage in South-Sulawesi Indonesia. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 54(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2016.541.95-121
Saputera, A. R. A., & Abdillah, N. (2021). Analisis Implikasi Nikah Muda Perspektif Hukum Islam di Kecamatan Kota Selatan Gorontalo. Qadauna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Keluarga Islam, 2(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.24252/qadauna.v2i2.18200
Schaffnit, S. B., & Lawson, D. W. (2021). Married Too Young? The Behavioral Ecology of ‘Child Marriage’. Social Sciences, 10(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050161
Serpe, C., & Brown, C. (2022). The Objectification and Blame of Sexually Diverse Women who are Revenge Porn Victims. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 34(1), 112–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2021.1911901
Sikweyiya, Y., Addo-Lartey, A. A., Alangea, D. O., Dako-Gyeke, P., Chirwa, E. D., Coker-Appiah, D., Adanu, R. M. K., & Jewkes, R. (2020). Patriarchy and gender-inequitable attitudes as drivers of intimate partner violence against women in the central region of Ghana. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 682. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08825-z
Smoker, M., & March, E. (2017). Predicting perpetration of intimate partner cyberstalking: Gender and the Dark Tetrad. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.012
Sorochinski, M., & Varvaro, J. (2023). Technology facilitated sexual violence and abuse: Exploring the what, who, where, why, when, and how of the 21st century interpersonal crime. Contemporary Justice Review, 26(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2023.2216717
Subchi, I., Arsadani, Q., Helmi, M. I., & Faridho, E. (2021). Legal Policy of Child Marriage In the Covid-19 Pandemic Period. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 5(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.10570
Supraptiningsih, U. (2021a). Pro and Cons Contestation on The Increase of Marriage Age in Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9136
Supraptiningsih, U. (2021b). Pro and Cons Contestation on The Increase of Marriage Age in Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9136
Supriyadi, & Suriyati, S. (2022). Judges’ Legal Culture in Dealing with High Number of Applications for Child Marriage Dispensation during Covid-19 Pandemic at the Kudus Religious Court. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 17(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v17i1.6060
Syuib, M. S., & Filzah, N. (2019). Kewenangan Hakim Menerapkan Diskresi dalam Permohonan Dispensasi Nikah (Studi Kasus di Mahkamah Syar’iyah Jantho). SAMARAH: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 2(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v2i2.4747
Tenkorang, E. Y. (2019). Explaining the links between child marriage and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Ghana. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.004
Ulfa, H., Kurniandini, S., Ihsan, A. M., & Nashihin, H. (2023). The Enforcement of Marriage Law (No 16 of 2019) Through The Ambassadors of Child Marriage Prevention in Tembarak District, Temanggung Regency. Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum, 22(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v22i1.2972
Wahi, A., Zaleski, K. L., Lampe, J., Bevan, P., & Koski, A. (2019). The Lived Experience of Child Marriage in the United States. Social Work in Public Health, 34(3), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2019.1575312
Wibowo, H. R., Ratnaningsih, M., Goodwin, N. J., Ulum, D. F., & Minnick, E. (2021). One household, two worlds: Differences of perception towards child marriage among adolescent children and adults in Indonesia. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 8, 100103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100103
Wibowo, S., Dimyati, K., Absori, A., Wardiono, K., Ramon, T. M., Budiono, A., & Lyandova, V. (2023). Islamic nomocracy: from the perspectives of Indonesia, Spain and Russia. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 31(1), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i1.25358
Yakub Aiyub Kadir, M., & Rizki, F. (2023). Interfaith Marriage in Indonesia: a Critique of Court Verdicts. Yuridika, 38(1), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.20473/YDK.V38I1.38099
Zagloul, N. M., Farghaly, R. M., ELKhatib, H., Issa, S. Y., & El-Zoghby, S. M. (2022). Technology facilitated sexual violence: A comparative study between working and non-working females in Egypt before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 12(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-022-00278-2
Zaman, M., & Koski, A. (2020). Child marriage in Canada: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0229676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229676
Zulaiha, E., & Mutaqin, A. Z. (2021). The Problems of The Marriage Age Changing in Indonesia in the Perspectives of Muslim Jurists and Gender Equality. Hanifiya: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 4(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.15575/hanifiya.v4i2.13538
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Sudirman Sudirman, Ramadhita Ramadhita, Syabbul Bachri, Büşra Nur Duran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
