Guru profesional di masa pandemi COVID-19: Review implementasi, tantangan, dan solusi pembelajaran daring
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22219/jppg.v1i1.12462Abstract
Pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan pembelajaran daring untuk memperlambat penyebaran COVID-19, pola itu menuntut peran guru. Artikel ini bertujuan mereview bagaimana guru di masa pandemi, yang difokuskan pada aspek pembelajaran daring (pelaksanaan, tantangan, dan solusi). Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan metode studi perbadingan literatur. Penulis menelusuri literatur primer secara daring, yang memiliki kriteria valid dan bereputasi baik. Analisis data menggunakan paradigma analisis konten. Hasil review menunjukkan bahwa guru melaksanakan kebijakan pemerintah melalui pembelajaran daring. Berbagai flatform digunakan dalam pembelajaran daring. Berbagai respon positif disampaikan peserta didik terkait pembelajaran daring. Namun demikian pelaksanaan pembelajaran daring memiliki tantangan/kendala, baik dari aspek sumber daya manusia, sarana-prasarana, dan teknis implementasi. Sebagai rekomendasi ke depan, dibutuhkan kemitraan publik dan keterlibatan banyak pihak secara berkelanjutan. Kompetensi dan keterampilan guru harus terus diperkaya, didukung oleh kebijakan sekolah yang mendorong guru terus belajar. Pihak terkait juga perlu mengevaluasi pembelajaran daring tersebut agar tujuan pembelajaran dapat tercapai secara optimal. Beban belajar peserta didik tentunya harus diperhitungkan, terukur, baik secara materi maupun waktu. Guru tidak boleh semata-mata memberikan tugas, tetapi harus memperhitungkan secara matang. Guru tidak boleh lupa untuk mengapresiasi capaian peserta didik. Kurikulum yang fleksibel dan siap menghadapi pandemi juga dibutuhkan.Downloads
Author Biographies
Poncojari Wahyono, Scopus ID: 57188978455; Department of Biology Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, East Java Province
H. Husamah, Scopus ID: 57195803428; Department of Biology Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, East Java Province
References
Abdullah, R. (2016). Pembelajaran dalam perspektif kreativitas guru dalam pemanfaatan media pembelajaran. Lantanida Journal, 4(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.22373/lj.v4i1.1866
Aderholt, R. (2020, March 22). Coronavirus outbreak shining an even brighter light on internet disparities in rural America. The Hill. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/488848-coronavirus-outbreak-shining-an-even-brighter-light-on
Anderson, J. (2020, March 4). Should schools close when coronavirus cases are still rare? Quartz. Retrieved from https://qz.com/1810224/does-closing-schools-protect-kids-and-us-from-coronavirus/
Anugrah, D. (2020). Dinamika pembelajaran daring di tengah pandemi Covid-19. Retrieved April 30, 2020, from Berita Magelang website: http://beritamagelang.id/kolom/dinamika-pembelajaran-daring-di-tengah-pandemi-covid-19#
Arizona Department of Education. (2020). Pandemic preparedness. Retrieved from https://www.azed.gov/communications/files/2020/03/ADE-Pandemic-Preparedness_RVSD3.2020.pdf
Arora, A. K., & Srinivasan, R. (2020). Impact of pandemic COVID-19 on the teaching – learning process: A study of higher education teachers. Prabadhan: Indian Journal of Management, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2020/v13i4/151825
Azzi-Huck, K., & Shmis, T. (2020). Managing the impact of COVID-19 on education systems around the world: How countries are preparing, coping, and planning for recovery. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from World Bank Blogs website: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/managing-impact-covid-19-education-systems-around-world-how-countries-are-preparing
Bakhtiar, T. (2016). Optimal intervention strategies for cholera outbreak by education and chlorination. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012022
Barennes, H., Harimanana, A. N., Lorvongseng, S., Ongkhammy, S., & Chu, C. (2010). Paradoxical risk perception and behaviours related to Avian Flu outbreak and education campaign, Laos. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(March 2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-294
Bartlett, J. D., Griffin, J., & Thomson, D. (2020). Resources for supporting children’s emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.childtrends.org/publications/resources-for-supporting-childrens-emotional-well-being-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., … McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 2019(20), 30736. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30736-4
Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2011). Predicting teacher commitment: The impact of school climate and social–emotional learning. Psychology in the Schools, 48(10), 1034–1048. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20611
Contreras, G. W. (2020). Getting ready for the next pandemic COVID-19: Why we need to be more prepared and less scared. Journal of Emergency Management, 18(2), 87–89. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0461
Cucinotta, D., & Vanelli, M. (2020). WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis, 91(1), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 2020, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
Darby, F. (2020, March). How to be a better online teacher. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 12–23. Retrieved from https://connect.chronicle.com/CS-WC-2020-CoronavirusFreeReport_LP-SocialTraffic.html?cid=FEATUREDNAV
Darling-Hammond, L., & John Bransford. (2005). Preparing teachers for a changing world: What teachers should learn and be able to do. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-1083
DHEC. (2019). Higher education guidance on novel coronavirus or COVID-19 (Vol. 2019). Retrieved from https://www.scdhec.gov/sites/default/files/media/document/Higher Education Guidance on Novel Coronavirus or COVID-19.pdf
Domenico, L. Di, Pullano, G., Coletti, P., Hens, N., & Colizza, V. (2020a). Expected impact of school closure and telework to mitigate COVID-19 epidemic in France. Retrieved from https://www.epicx-lab.com/uploads/9/6/9/4/9694133/inserm_covid-19-school-closure-french-regions_20200313.pdf
Domenico, L. Di, Pullano, G., Coletti, P., Hens, N., & Colizza, V. (2020b). Expected impact of school closure and telework to mitigate COVID-19 epidemic in France. Retrieved from www.epicx-lab.com/covid-19.html] Laura
Faherty, L. J., Schwartz, H. L., Ahmed, F., Zheteyeva, Y., Uzicanin, A., & Uscher-Pines, L. (2019). School and preparedness officials’ perspectives on social distancing practices to reduce influenza transmission during a pandemic: Considerations to guide future work. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14(100871), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100871
Gee, G. (2020). COVID-19: Impact on student predictions. Retrieved from https://info.civitaslearning.com/rs/594-GET-124/images/Impact on Student Predictions.pdf
Gudi, S. K., & Tiwari, K. K. (2020). Preparedness and lessons learned from the novel coronavirus disease. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 11(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijoem.2020.1977
Horn, M. B. (2020, March 23). COVID-19’s long-term impacts on education in 2020 and beyond. EdSurge. Retrieved from https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-03-23-covid-19-s-long-term-impacts-on-education-in-2020-and-beyond
Huang, R. H., Liu, D. J., Tlili, A., Yang, J. F., & Wang, H. H. (2020). Handbook on facilitating flexible learning during educational disruption: The Chinese experience in maintaining undisrupted learning in COVID-19 Outbreak. In Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University UNESCO. Retrieved from https://iite.unesco.org/news/handbook-on-facilitating-flexible-learning-during-educational-disruption/
Irawan, H. (2020, March 23). Inovasi pendidikan sebagai antisipasi penyebaran Covid-19 (Educational innovations anticipating the spread of [Covid-19]). Ombudsman RI. Retrieved from https://www.ombudsman.go.id/news/r/praktek-maladministrasi-yang-terus-berulang-dalam-penyelenggaraan-penerimaan-peserta-didik-baru-ppdb-tahun-2017
Karlsen, H., Mehli, L., Wahl, E., & Staberg, R. L. (2015). Teaching outbreak investigation to undergraduate food technologists. British Food Journal, 117(2), 766–778. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2014-0062
Karp, P., & McGowan, M. (2020, March 23). “Clear as mud” schools ask for online learning help as coronavirus policy confusion persists Australia news. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/mar/24/clear-as-mud-schools-ask-for-online-learning-help-as-coronavirus-policy-confusion-persists
Katili, D. L. (2020). Belajar bahagia dalam bencana COVID-19 (Learn to be happy in the COVID-19 disaster). Retrieved April 5, 2020, from LPMP DKI Jakarta website: https://lpmpdki.kemdikbud.go.id/belajar-bahagia-dalam-bencana-covid-19/
Kemendikbud. (2020). Belajar dari rumah, satuan pendidikan dapat pilih platform pembelajaran jarak jauh sesuai kebutuhan (Learning from home, education units can choose distance learning platforms as needed). Retrieved from https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2016/05/rumah-kunci-sukses-pola-asuh-anak
Khan, M., Kazmi, S., Bashir, A., & Siddique, N. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
Khatibah, K. (2011). Penelitian kepustakaan. Jurnal Iqra’, 5(1), 36–39. Retrieved from http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/640/1/%285%29PENELITIAN KEPUSTAKAAN.pdf
Li, C., Yang, Y., & Ren, L. (2020). Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 82(March), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104285
Li, T., Lu, H., & Zhang, W. (2020). Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 687–690. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1741327
Lin, Q., Zhao, S., Gao, D., Lou, Y., Yang, S., Musa, S. S., … He, D. (2020). A conceptual model for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.058
Lloyd-Sherlock, P. G., Kalache, A., McKee, M., Derbyshire, J., Geffen, L., Casas, F. G.-O., & Gutierrez, L. M. (2020). WHO must prioritise the needs of older people in its response to the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 368(m1164), 1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1164
Madrim, S. (2020, April 13). KPAI: Siswa keluhkan pembelajaran berat di tengah wabah corona. VOA Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/kpai-siswa-keluhkan-pembelajaran-berat-di-tengah-wabah-corona/5369689.html
Mahase, E. (2020). Covid-19: WHO declares pandemic because of “alarming levels” of spread, severity, and inaction. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 368(m1036), 1. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1036
Maine Department of Education. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) resources for schools. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from https://www.maine.gov/doe/covid-19
Makdori, Y. (2020, April 1). Kemendikbud luncurkan platform guru berbagai untuk bantu pengajar lakukan pembelajaran daring (The Ministry of Education and Culture launches various teacher platforms to help teachers do online learning). Liputan 6. Retrieved from https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4216300/kemendikbud-luncurkan-platform-guru-berbagai-untuk-bantu-pengajar-lakukan-pembelajaran-daring
Melania, E. P. (2020, April 10). Pembelajaran daring, apakah efektif untuk Indonesia. Kompas. Retrieved from https://muda.kompas.id/kategori/blog-muda/kata-muda/
Mila, M. (2018). Pengembangan media multi representasi berbasis Instagram sebagai alternatif pembelajaran daring. Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung.
Miller, M. D. (2020, March). Going online in a hurry: What to do and where to start. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 8–10. Retrieved from https://connect.chronicle.com/CS-WC-2020-CoronavirusFreeReport_LP-SocialTraffic.html?cid=FEATUREDNAV
Mitchell, T., Dee, D. L., Phares, C. R., Lipman, H. B., Gould, L. H., Kutty, P., … Fishbein, D. B. (2011). Non-pharmaceutical interventions during an outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza a (H1N1) virus infection at a large public university, April-May 2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq056
Moorhouse, B. L. (2020). Adaptations to a face-to-face initial teacher education course ‘ forced ’ online due to the COVID-19 pandemic ‘ forced ’ online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education for Teaching, 00(00), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1755205
Munir, M. (2017). Pembelajaran digital. Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta.
Najeemah M Yusof. (2012). School climate and teachers’ commitment: A case study of Malaysia. International Journal of Economics Business and Management Studies, 1(2), 65–75. Retrieved from http://onlinesciencepublishing.com/assets/journal/JOU0017/ART00139/1492239785_IJEBMS-2012-1(2)-65-75.pdf
OSPI. (2020). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in K-12 Sschools: A parent guide. Retrieved from https://www.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/public/communications/COVID-19 in Schools_Parent Guide.pdf
Peyravi, M., Marzaleh, M. A., Shamspour, N., & Soltani, A. (2020). Public education and electronic awareness of the new coronavirus (COVID-19): Experiences from Iran. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2020, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.94
Phan, T. (2020). Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 81(February), 104260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104260
Pogreba-Brown, K., Ernst, K., & Harris, R. (2012). Teaching epidemiology concepts experientially: A “real” foodborne outbreak in the classroom. Public Health Reports, 127(5), 549–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700512
Purwanto, A., Pramono, R., Asbari, M., Budi Santoso, P., Mayesti Wijayanti, L., Chi Hyun, C., & Setyowati Putri, R. (2020). Studi eksploratif dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap proses pembelajaran online di sekolah dasar. Journal of Education, Psychologi and Counseling, 2(1), 1–12. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340661871%0AStudi
Putsanra, D. V. (2020). Daftar e-learning Kemendikbud, sekolah online untuk mencegah corona. Tirto.Id. Retrieved from https://tirto.id/daftar-e-learning-kemendikbud-sekolah-online-untuk-mencegah-corona-eFrR
Satriawan, Y. (2020, May 3). Hardiknas: Belajar di rumah, berdamai dengan tekonologi di tengah pandemi. VOA Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/hardiknas-belajar-di-rumah-berdamai-dengan-tekonologi-di-tengah-pandemi/5402794.html
Snelling, J., & Fingal, D. (2020). 10 Strategies for Online Learning During a Coronavirus Outbreak. Retrieved April 30, 2020, from Deas, Content and Resources for Leading-Edge Educators website: https://www.iste.org/explore/10-strategies-online-learning-during-coronavirus-outbreak
Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., Neill, N. O., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-jabir, A., … Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery, 76, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034
Su, L., Ma, X., Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Bian, P., Han, Y., … Gai, Z. (2020). The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China – the character of children with COVID-19. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 707–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483
The Chronicle of Higher Education. (2020, March). Moving online now. Moving Online Now, 296(7843), 1. Retrieved from https://connect.chronicle.com/CS-WC-2020-CoronavirusFreeReport_LP-SocialTraffic.html?cid=FEATUREDNAV
The International Baccalaureate Organization. (2020). Online learning, teaching and education continuity planning for schools. Retrieved from https://www.ibo.org/globalassets/news-assets/coronavirus/online-learning-continuity-planning-en.pdf
The World Bank. (2020). Remote learning, EdTech & COVID-19. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from BRIEF website: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/edtech-covid-19
Thien, L. M., Abd Razak, N., & Ramayah, T. (2014). Validating teacher commitment scale using a Malaysian sample. SAGE Open, 4(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014536744
Tim Kompas. (2020). Era baru pendidikan di Indonesia. Kompas. Retrieved from https://bebas.kompas.id/baca/bebas-akses/2020/05/02/era-baru-pendidikan-di-indonesia/
Ting, D. S. W., Carin, L., Dzau, V., & Wong, T. Y. (2020). Digital technology and COVID-19. Nature Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5
Trucano, M. (2014). Education & technology in an age of pandemics (revisited). Retrieved April 30, 2020, from EduTech website: https://blogs.worldbank.org/edutech%0D
UNESCO. (2020a). Distance learning solutions. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from UNESCO’s COVID-19 Education Response website: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/solutions
UNESCO. (2020b). Motivating learners during remote learning due to COVID-19 - Tips for teachers (p. 1). p. 1. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/75183
UNESCO. (2020c). School closures caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19). Retrieved April 3, 2020, from COVID-19 educational disruption and response website: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
Uscher-Pines, L., Schwartz, H. L., Ahmed, F., Zheteyeva, Y., Meza, E., Baker, G., & Uzicanin, A. (2018). School practices to promote social distancing in K-12 schools: Review of influenza pandemic policies and practices. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5302-3
van Fleet, J. (2020). Education in the time of COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/education-time-covid-19
Wahyudi, M. (2020, April 8). Covid-19 dan potret pembelajaran berbasis e-learning. Republika Online. Retrieved from https://republika.co.id/tag/pembelajaran-daring
Wahyudi, N. (2020). Imbas pandemi virus corona bagi dunia pendidikan Indonesia dan global (The impact of the corona virus pandemic for the world of education in Indonesia and globally). Retrieved from https://kumparan.com/kumparansains/imbas-pandemi-virus-corona-bagi-dunia-pendidikan-indonesia-dan-global-1t5YVXRYAbo
Wang, H., Wang, Z., Dong, Y., Chang, R., Xu, C., Yu, X., … Cai, Y. (2020). Phase-adjusted estimation of the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 cases in Wuhan, China. Cell Discovery, 6(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0148-0
Wangi, N. B. S. (2020). Belajar dari krisis pandemi Covid-19, Indonesia butuh kurikulum fleksibel. Retrieved April 30, 2020, from Lenteratoday website: https://lenteratoday.com/category/kolom/
Watkins, J. (2020). Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. The BMJ, 368(February), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m810
World Health Organization. (2020). Key messages and actions for COVID-19 prevention and control in schools (L. Bender, Ed.). Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/reports/key-messages-and-actions-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-prevention-and-control-schools
Worldometers. (2020). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved April 7, 2020, from Coronavirus website: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Yan, W. (2020, March 17). How will COVID-19 impact global education. China Daily. Retrieved from http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/17/WS5e7045e9a31012821727fb8b.html
Yang, J., Park, E. C., Lee, S. A., & Lee, S. G. (2019). Associations between hand hygiene education and self-reported hand-washing behaviors among Korean adults during MERS-CoV outbreak. Health Education and Behavior, 46(1), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118783829
Zacharo, K., Marios, K., & Dimitra, P. (2018). Connection of teachers’ organizational commitment and transformational leadership. A case study from Greece. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 17(8), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.8.6
Zed, M. (2008). Metode penelitian kepustakaan. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Metode_Penelitian_Kepustakaan.html?hl=id&id=zG9sDAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
Zein, M. (2016). Peran guru dalam pengembangan pembelajaran. Journal UIN- Alauddin, 5(2), 274–285. https://doi.org/10.24252/ip.v5i2.3480
Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Yang, L., & Wang, C. (2020). Suspending classes without stopping learning: China’s education emergency management policy in the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(3), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030055
