Analysis Descriptive of Anosmia and Dysgeusia in SARS CoV-2 Patients: Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Treatment Options

Izbikavik Muhammad; Yohannes Eddy Prasetyo; Rifqi Misbahuddin Nur

doi:10.22219/farmasains.v8i1.33644

Authors

Izbikavik Muhammad Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Yohannes Eddy Prasetyo Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Rifqi Misbahuddin Nur Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22219/farmasains.v8i1.33644

Keywords:

Anosmia, Dysgeusia, Covid-19

Abstract

Introduction: SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease whose cause has been identified as the seventh type of the coronavirus family that attacks humans. Common symptoms among patients with COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, shortness of breath (dyspnea), muscle aches (myalgia), confusion, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea / vomiting, conjunctival congestion, nose. congestion, sputum production, fatigue (malaise), hemoptysis, and shivering. However, the spread of COVID-19 infection has shown new symptoms of the disease: patients with dysfunction of smell, taste and indigestion. Methods: Literature review by taking libraries from 34 journals and 2 textbook. The journal obtained from the Google, NCBI and Pubmed search engine, as well as processing research materials into new information related to the research objectives. Results: One hypothesis currently developing is that SARS-CoV-2 will cause olfactory changes through direct access and damage to the CNS through its penetration by the cribriform plate. Another hypothesis that is also developing suggests direct viral damage to olfactory cells and taste receptors. Glial cells, neurons, and the oral cavity present the ACE-2 receptor which appears to be a mechanism of cell invasion by viruses. Conclusion: People who have lost their smell or taste are six times more likely to become positive for COVID-19. Likewise, people who have anosmia have a 10-fold higher chance of being diagnosed with COVID-19. Taste and smell disorders with ageusia have a 10 times higher chance of catching COVID-19.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abalo-Lojo JM, Pouso-Diz JM, Gonzalez F. Taste and Smell Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020;129(10):1041–2.

Akosua Adom Agyeman, MSc, Ken L. Chin, MClinPharm, PhD, Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, PhD, Danny Liew, MBBS (Hons), FRACP, PhD, and Richard Ofori-Asenso, MSc P. Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. MAYO Clin [Internet]. 2020;95:1621–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.030

Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, Dagan O, Masarwa S, Ormianer Z. Olfactory and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: Sex-Related Symptoms—A Potential Pathway to Early Diagnosis. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg (United States). 2020;163(4):722–8.

Carignan A, Valiquette L, Grenier C, Musonera JB, Nkengurutse D, Marcil-Héguy A, et al. Anosmia and dysgeusia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an age-matched case−control study. Cmaj. 2020;192(26):E702–7.

Carrillo-Larco RM, Altez-Fernandez C. Anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19: A systematic review. Wellcome Open Res. 2020;5:1–14.

Chan KW, Wong VT, Tang SCW. COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese-Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(3):737–62.

Coleman JJ, Manavi K, Marson EJ, Botkai AH, Sapey E. COVID-19: to be or not to be; that is the diagnostic question. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1137):392–8.

DosSantos MF, Devalle S, Aran V, Capra D, Roque NR, Coelho-Aguiar J de M, et al. Neuromechanisms of SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Front Neuroanat. 2020;14(June):1–12.

Eshraghi, A.A., Mirsaeidi, M., Davies, C., Telischi, F.F., Chaudhari, N., Mittal, R., 2020. Potential Mechanisms for COVID-19 Induced Anosmia and Dysgeusia. Front. Physiol. 11, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.01039.

Gouvea, W., 2020. Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic options. Biomed. Pharmacother. 129, 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110493.

Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., Duan, G., 2020. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses 12, 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040372

Kemenkes RI. Pedoman dan Pencegahan Coronavirus (COVID- 19). Kementeri Kesehat RI [Internet]. 2020;4:1–214. Available from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/info-terkini/COVID-19/TENTANG NOVEL CORONAVIRUS.pdf.

Klopfenstein, T., Kadiane-Oussou, N.J., Toko, L., Royer, P.-Y., Lepiller, Q., Gendrin, V., Zayet, S., 2020. Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Médecine Mal. Infect. 50, 436–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.04.006.

Lee, Y., Min, P., Lee, S., Kim, S., 2020. Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 Patients. J. Korean Med. Sci. 35, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174

Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology [Internet]. 2020;277(8):2251–61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1.

Liguori, C., Pierantozzi, M., Spanetta, M., Sarmati, L., Cesta, N., Iannetta, M., Ora, J., Mina, G.G., Puxeddu, E., Balbi, O., Pezzuto, G., Magrini, A., Rogliani, P., Andreoni, M., Mercuri, N.B., 2020. Subjective neurological symptoms frequently occur in patients with SARS-CoV2 infection. Brain. Behav. Immun. 88, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.037

Mehraeen E, Behnezhad F, Salehi MA, Noori T, Harandi H, SeyedAlinaghi SA. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a review of current evidence. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology [Internet]. 2020;(0123456789). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06120-6.

Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Bruno, F., Del Buono, R., Costa, F., Scarlata, S., Agrò, F.E., 2020. COVID‐19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J. Intern. Med. 288, 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13091

Printza A, Constantinidis J. The role of self-reported smell and taste disorders in suspected COVID‑19. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology [Internet]. 2020;277(9):2625–30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06069-6

Sayin İ, Yaşar KK, Yazici ZM. Taste and Smell Impairment in COVID-19: An AAO-HNS Anosmia Reporting Tool-Based Comparative Study. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg (United States). 2020;163(3):473–9.

Syed, Q., Hendler, K.T., Koncilja, K., 2016. The Impact of Aging and Medical Status on Dysgeusia. Am. J. Med. 129, 753.e1-753.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.02.003

Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The Prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg (United States). 2020;163(1):3–11.

U. Mohammed, M. Farah, R. Tahir A, L. Tom, S. Hanan Al, Ahmed H, A. Hassan, E. Afaf Kamal, A. Nabeel, E. Adrian Thomas, S. Cesare, N.N., , A Alawi Alsheikh, and S.A.., 2020. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions. Viruses 12, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12050526.

Wang-Huei Sheng, Wang-Da Liu, Jann-Tay Wang, Su-Yuan Chang, S.-C.C., 2020. Dysosmia and dysgeusia in patients with COVID-19 in northern Taiwan. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.10.003.

Wu, Y., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Duan, J., Hashimoto, K., Yang, L., Liu, C., Yang, C., 2020. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain. Behav. Immun. 87, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031.