Optimal Design of Social Insurance Frameworks in National Health Insurance

Authors

  • Theta Murty Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya
  • Sukarmi Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya
  • Yenny Eta Widyanti Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya
  • Amelia Sri Kusuma Dewi Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Keywords:

National Health Insurance, Social Incurance, Mutual Cooperation Principle, Participation, Ideal Construction

Abstract

The national health insurance program in Indonesia aims to ensure assurance, protection, and welfare for citizens in fulfilling their fundamental health requirements. The social insurance framework employed in the program's execution comprises four principles: the principle of cooperation, the principle of mandatory participation, the principle of income-based contribution determination, and the principle of non-profit orientation. After a decade of the program, numerous issues persist, including incomplete participation, prohibitively high contributions resulting in arrears, and suboptimal program benefits. This study establishes the optimal structure of social insurance systems inside national health insurance. The employed study method is normative, analyzing applicable laws and regulations, supplemented by a legislative and comparative approach to identify the optimal framework for social insurance regulation. By analyzing legal materials using descriptive-analysis, the study's main findings reveal that although JKN has enrolled over 91% of Indonesia’s population, it still faces significant challenges, including delayed premium payments by participants and difficulties in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Compared to Thailand and Taiwan, JKN has yet to meet the UHC standards recognized by the WHO. The analysis concludes that the four foundational principles of social insurance within the national health insurance framework are insufficient; therefore, an additional four principles are required to ensure certainty, protection, and benefits for program participants, which is essential for the realization of the National Social Security System Law's objectives. The optimal design of a social insurance framework should include the principles of mutual cooperation, mandatory participation, proportional contributions, and non-profit operations.

Abstrak

Program jaminan kesehatan nasional di Indonesia bertujuan untuk memastikan jaminan, perlindungan, dan kesejahteraan bagi warga negara dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar kesehatan mereka. Kerangka kerja asuransi sosial yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan program ini terdiri dari empat prinsip: prinsip kerja sama, prinsip kepesertaan wajib, prinsip penentuan iuran berdasarkan pendapatan, dan prinsip orientasi nirlaba. Setelah satu dekade program ini berjalan, masih terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang dihadapi, termasuk kepesertaan yang tidak lengkap, iuran yang terlalu tinggi sehingga menimbulkan tunggakan, dan manfaat program yang tidak optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan struktur sistem asuransi sosial yang optimal di dalam jaminan kesehatan nasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah normatif, menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, dilengkapi dengan pendekatan legislatif dan komparatif untuk mengidentifikasi kerangka kerja yang optimal untuk regulasi asuransi sosial. Dengan menganalisis bahan hukum menggunakan deskriptif-analisis, temuan utama studi ini mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun JKN telah mencakup lebih dari 91% penduduk Indonesia, JKN masih menghadapi tantangan yang signifikan, termasuk keterlambatan pembayaran premi oleh peserta dan kesulitan dalam mencapai Cakupan Kesehatan Semesta (Universal Health Coverage/UHC). Dibandingkan dengan Thailand dan Taiwan, JKN belum memenuhi standar UHC yang diakui oleh WHO. Analisis ini menyimpulkan bahwa empat prinsip dasar asuransi sosial dalam kerangka jaminan kesehatan nasional tidak cukup; oleh karena itu, diperlukan empat prinsip tambahan untuk memastikan kepastian, perlindungan, dan manfaat bagi peserta program, yang sangat penting untuk merealisasikan tujuan UU SJSN. Desain optimal dari kerangka kerja asuransi sosial harus mencakup prinsip-prinsip gotong royong, partisipasi wajib, iuran proporsional, dan operasi nirlaba.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adyas, Atikah. “The Indonesian Strategy to Achieve Universal Health Coveragethrough National Health Insurance System: Challenges in Human Resources.” Kesmas 16, no. 4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v16i4.5440.

Alawode, Gbadegesin O., and David A. Adewole. “Assessment of the Design and Implementation Challenges of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Nigeria: A Qualitative Study among Sub-National Level Actors, Healthcare and Insurance Providers.” BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10133-5.

Amalia, Lisda. “Does the Implementation of a National Health Insurance Program Result in Rationing Care for Ischemic Stroke Management? Analysis of the Indonesian National Health Insurance Program.” Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 16 (2023). https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S405986.

Amporfu, Eugenia, Peter Agyei-Baffour, Anthony Edusei, Jacob Novignon, and Eric Arthur. “Strategic Health Purchasing Progress Mapping: A Spotlight on Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme.” Health Systems and Reform 8, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2022.2058337.

Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Milena Pavlova, Nuworza Kugbey, Adam Fusheini, John Tetteh, Augustine Adoliba Ayanore, James Akazili, Philip Baba Adongo, and Wim Groot. “Health Insurance Coverage, Type of Payment for Health Insurance, and Reasons for Not Being Insured under the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana.” Health Economics Review 9, no. 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-019-0255-5.

Bahasa, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan. “Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI): Kamus Versi Online/ Daring (Dalam Jaringan).” kbbi.web.id, 2023.

Community Legal Aid Institute. Pocket Book on the Right to Health. Jakarta: Community Legal Aid Institute, 2019.

Djojosoedarso, Soeisno. Principles of Risk Management and Insurance. Jakarta: Salemba Empat, 1999.

Hidayah, Putri Nur. “Comparative Study of Legal Protection for Migrant Workers In Participation Of Social Security Programs In Indonesia And Singapore.” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 28, no. 1 (2020): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v28i1.11786.

Hrzic, Rok, Timo Clemens, Daan Westra, and Helmut Brand. “Comparability in Cross-National Health Research Using Insurance Claims Data: The Cases of Germany and the Netherlands.” Gesundheitswesen, Supplement 82 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1005-6792.

Ibrahim, Jhonny. Normative Law Research Theory and Method. Malang: Bayumedia Publishing, 2006.

Indiraswari, Tika, Stefanus Supriyanto, Ernawaty Ernawaty, and Nuzulul Kusuma Putri. “Health Insurance Literacy: Discussion and Reaction of Facebook Users’ towards the National Health Insurance in Indonesia.” Journal of Public Health Research, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1844.

Ipinnimo, Tope Michael, Kabir Adekunle Durowade, Christiana Aderonke Afolayan, Paul Oladapo Ajayi, and Tanimola Makanjuola Akande. “The Nigeria National Health Insurance Authority Act and Its Implications towards Achieving Universal Health Coverage.” Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_216_22.

Kadarisman, Muh. “Analisis Tentang Pelaksanaan Sistem Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 07/Puu-Iii/2005.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 22, no. 3 (July 2015): 467–88. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol22.iss3.art7.

Kanti, Rizka Husnia. “Analisis Strategi Manajemen Dalam Program Perlindungan Kesehatan Universal Di Thailand.” Publisia: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik 5, no. 1 (April 2020). https://doi.org/10.26905/pjiap.v5i1.3868.

Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Masyarakat. Buku Saku Atas Hak Kesehatan. Jakarta: Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Masyarakat, 2019.

Major, Aaron. “Social Insurance and Social Justice: Social Security, Medicare, and the Campaign Against Entitlements.” Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 39, no. 6 (2010): 737–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306110386886nn.

Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, and Eddy Omaar Syarief Hiariej. Fundamentals of Legal Science (Understanding Legal Methods, Theories, Principles, and Philosophy). Yogyakart: Rajwali Pers, 2021.

Muhlis, Abdu Nafan Aisul. “Determinants Of The National Health Insurance Uptake In Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Health Administration 10, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v10i1.2022.111-121.

Oktapani, Silm, and Ardiansah. “ANALISIS PENATAAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DI KOTA PEKANBARU.” JISPO 9, no. 2 (2019). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15575/jispo.v9i2.5408.

Organization, World Health. “Universal Health Coverage.” who.int, 2020.

Panjaitan, Saut Parulian, Joni Emirson, Iza Rumesten RS, and Suci Flambonita. “The Constitutional Perspective of Indonesian Social Security System.” Jurnal Hukum 40, no. 1 (June 2024): 42. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v40i1.36933.

Pauw, Tanya Lee. “Catching up with the Constitution: An Analysis of National Health Insurance in South Africa Post-Apartheid.” Development Southern Africa 39, no. 6 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2021.1945911.

Pazri, Muhamad. “Rekontruksi Pengaturan Iuran Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Berbasis Nilai Keadilan.” Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, 2021.

Perwira, Indra. “Heaalth as a Human Right.” In Dimensions of Human Rights Law. Bandungng: PSKN FH UNPAD, 2009.

Putri, Ardila, Silvia Dian Anggraeni, Rika Isnarti, and Rezya Agnesica. “Kebijakan Asuransi Kesehatan Taiwan (Taiwan National Health Insurance) Dan Pembelajaran Bagi Negara Berkembang.” Journal of Indonesia Health Policy : JKKI 9, no. 3 (September 2020): 167–77.

Putri, Nuzulul Kusuma, Agung Dwi Laksono, and Nikmatur Rohmah. “Predictors of National Health Insurance Membership among the Poor with Different Education Levels in Indonesia.” BMC Public Health 23, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15292-9.

Retnaningsig, Hartini. Social Security in a Parliamentary Perspective. Malang: Intelegensia Intrans Publishing, 2017.

Rys, Vladimir. Reiventing Social Security Worldwide: Back to Essentials. Bristol: The Policy Press, n.d.

Suryono, Arief. “Asuransi Kesehatan Sosial: Sebagai Upaya Negara Dalam Mewujudkan Masyarakat Sejahtera.” Yustisia, Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9, no. 3 (2009): 213–21.

Thabrani, Hasbullah. Asuransi Kesehatan Pilihan Kebijakan Nasional. Jakarta: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 1998.

Wibowo, Ari, Alfian Helmi, Nur Hannah Mutohharoh, Ilhamda El Zuhri, Elsa Navitalian, Mohamad Yusuf, and Bona Tua Palinggomon Parhusip. BPJS Kesehatan National Health Insurance: Governance, Effectiveness and Comparison with Several ASEAN Countries . 1st ed. Jakarta: International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development, 2022.

Downloads

Published

2024-11-02

How to Cite

Murty, T., Sukarmi, Widyanti, Y. E., & Dewi, A. S. K. (2024). Optimal Design of Social Insurance Frameworks in National Health Insurance. Indonesia Law Reform Journal, 4(3), 243–259. Retrieved from https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/ilrej/article/view/36504