Kajian Dialektologi Sinkronis Bahasa Cirebon: Sebuah Upaya Menggali Unsur Relik
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22219/satwika.v7i2.32709Keywords:
cirebon language, synchronic dialectology, dialectometryAbstract
Usaha melestarikan dan menjaga bahasa-bahasa daerah di Indonesia masih harus ditingkatkan, sekalipun untuk bahasa yang berstatus aman. Hal ini dikarenakan penggunaannya semakin tergeser oleh pemakaian bahasa nasional dan bahasa asing yang dianggap lebih memiliki nilai prestise. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik memetakan dialek-dialek pada salah satu bahasa daerah yang ada di Indonesia, yaitu bahasa Cirebon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perbedaan leksikal yang ada dalam dialek bahasa Cirebon di Kecamatan Kapetakan, Panguragan, Plered, Dukupuntang, Mundu, Waled, Pabedilan, dan Losari di Kabupaten Cirebon serta menggambarkan perbedaan tersebut ke dalam peta dialek. Metode yang digunakan pada tahap pengumpulan data adalah metode pupuan lapangan yang dilanjutkan dengan teknik rekam dan catat. Metode analisis data menggunakan metode dialektometri, sedangkan penyajian hasil analisis data menggunakan metode formal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa antardaerah yang diperbandingan terdapat kriteria perbedaan bahasa, perbedaan dialek, perbidaan wicara, dan tidak ada perbedaan. Karakteristik bahasa Cirebon tampak pada beberapa ciri. Pertama, banyak terdapat bunyi glotal stop [/] dan berada pada posisi ultima terbuka, misalnya pada kata [sira/], [kita/], [sapa/], dan sebagainya. Kedua, bunyi [o] dominan muncul di Plered, misalnya pada kata [muto], [tibo], [oro], dan lain-lain. Ketiga, penggunaan bunyi semivokal [ʸ] dan [W] muncul hampir merata pada daerah pengamatan, misalnya pada kata [kiʸ|n], [iʸ|], [kiʸE/], dan [kuW|n]. Keempat, retrofleks juga dijumpai pada bahasa Cirebon, misalnya pada kata [waḍOn] yang digunakan di daerah Kapetakan, Panguragan, Plered, Dukupuntang, Pabedilan, dan Losari. Kelima, secara morfologis, kata kerja ada yang dibentuk dengan proses nasalisasi [n], [nd], [G], [nj], [ñ], [m], dan [mb], misalnya pada kata [nalEni/], [ndamOni], [GambUG], [njaIt], [macUl], [mbalaG], dan [mlaku/]. Ada pula kata kerja yang dibentuk dengan reduplikasi, misalnya [j|jaGan] dan [kukur-kukur]. Keenam, pada bidang semantik, dalam medan makna kekerabatan, terdapat kata [rabi] yang mengacu pada ‘istri’ dan [laki] yang mengacu pada ‘suami’. Jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa Jawa dialek standar, baik istri maupun suami diungkapkan dengan kata [bojo]. Pada medan makna kata ganti orang, terdapat kata [isun] dan [kita] yang berarti ‘saya’ dan [sira] yang dapat berarti ‘kamu’ dan ‘dia’. Pada medan makna kata kerja, terdapat kata yang bermakna lebih khusus, misalnya pada kata yang berarti ‘meludah’. Glos [riʸa/] berarti proses meludah yang menimbulkan suara keras karena mengeluarkan dahak dari tenggorok, sedangkan [idu] berarti proses meludah tanpa menimbulkan suara.
Preserving local languages in Indonesia still have to improved, even for languages with safe status. This is because its use is increasingly diplaced by the use of national and foreign language which are considered to have more prestige value. Therefore, the researcher is interested in mapping the dialects of local languages in Indonesia, namely Cirebon language. This study aimed to (1) describe different lexemes in a dialect of Cirebon language in Kapetakan, Panguragan, Plered, Dukupuntang, Mundu, Waled, Pabedilan, and Losari Regencies and (2) draw a language map of different lexemes. This research collected data using the pupuan lapangan method with structural interview, recording, and note-taking techniques, successively. The collected data were analyzed using the dialectometry method. Then, the results of this analysis were presented using the formal method. This study revealed that there were criteria of language differences, dialectical differences, phonological aspect differences, and no differences. Besides these results, this study discovered the characteristics of Cirebon language, as follows. There are many glottal stop sounds [/] that are distinct in open ultima positions, as in the word [sira/], [kita/], [sapa/],etc. The sound [o] dominantly appears in Plered, as in the word [muto], [tibo], [oro], etc. Meanwhile, semivowel [ʸ] and [W] are used in nearly all observation areas; for example, the word [kiʸ|n], [iʸ|], [kiʸE/], and [kuW|n]. Retroflex is also found in Cirebon language as in the word [waḍOn]. This sound is used in Kapetakan, Panguragan, Plered, Dukupuntang, Pabedilan, and Losari. Morphologically, some verbs are formed by the nasalization process [n], [nd], [G], [nj], [ñ], [m], dan [mb], as in the word [nalEni/], [ndamOni], [GambUG], [njaIt], [macUl], [mbalaG], and [mlaku/]. Meanwhile, some other verbs are formed by the reduplication process, as in the word [j|jaGan] dan [kukur-kukur]. Semantically, the word [rabi] refers to ‘istri’ and [laki] refers to ‘suami’. In standard Javanese, both of ‘istri’ and ‘suami’ expressed by the word [bojo]. In addition, the word [isun] refers to ‘saya’ and [sira] refers to ‘kamu’ dan ‘dia’. There were more specific semantic domains; for example, the word mean ‘meludah’. The gloss [riʸa/] is interpreted as a process of spitting that raises a loud voice and removes the mucus or phlegm from the throat. Meanwhile, the gloss [idu] refers to the process of spitting without making a sound.
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