The mediating role of emotional competence in the association between self-esteem and cyberbullying victimization among adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v12i2.31039Keywords:
Adolescents, cyberbullying victimization, emotional competence, mediation, self-esteemAbstract
The transition phase experienced by adolescents is certainly not always smooth and it is common to experience bullying. With the development of technology, bullying that was originally only in schools and neighborhoods has become in cyberspace or can be called cyberbullying. someone can become a victim of cyberbullying because they have low self-esteem. Emotional competence, which includes the ability to recognize, respond, and manage one's own and others' emotions, is a key factor in overcoming the negative impact of cyberbullying and improving adolescents' self-esteem. This study aims to examine the important role of emotional competence as a mediator between self-esteem and cyberbullying victimization in adolescents. In this study, a sample of 115 adolescents who had experienced cyberbullying was involved. A significant indirect effect (-0.1022) of emotional competence was found through data analysis using mediation tests. The findings of this study provide strong evidence that adolescents with high self-esteem and good emotional competence are likely to experience lower impact when victimized by cyberbullying. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the importance of developing emotional competence in protecting adolescents from the risks and negative impacts of cyberbullying. Emotional competence can be learned by attending some training such as emotion regulation training, emotion identification, and others that are related to emotional competence. Self-esteem training also can be an option for adolescents to learn and increase the skill of emotional competence.
Downloads
References
Alfinuha, S., & Alfinuha, S. (2022). Diriku berharga: Pelatihan mindfullness untuk meningkatkan self-esteem remaja homoseksual. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(1), 48–55. https://ejournal.up45.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/1020
Alsawalqa, R. O. (2021). Cyberbullying, social stigma, and self-esteem: The impact of COVID-19 on students from East and Southeast Asia at the University of Jordan. Heliyon, 7(4), e06711. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2021.E06711
Azpiazu L, Antonio-Agirre I, Fernández-Zabala A, Escalante N. (2023). How does social support and emotional intelligence enhance life satisfaction among adolescents? A mediational analysis study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 16:2341-2351. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S413068.
Antoniadou, N., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2015). Cyber and school bullying: Same or different phenomena? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.013
Ardiansyah. (2022, march 19). kabar edukasi. Retrieved from kabarjakarta.com: https://www.kabarjakarta.com/posts/view/2768/mengkhawatirkan-45-anak-indonesia-jadi-korban-cyber-bullying.html
Balakrishnan, V., & Fernandez, T. (2018). Self-esteem, empathy and their impacts on cyberbullying among young adults. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), 2028–2037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.07.006
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
Batubara, J. R. (2016). Adolescent development (Perkembangan remaja). Sari Pediatri, 12(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.14238/sp12.1.2010.21-9
Belsey, B. (2006). Cyber bullying: An emerging threat to the always on generation. Retrieved from http://www.cyberbullying.ca/pdf/ CyberbullyingArticlebyBillBelsey.pdf
Brasseur, S., Grégoire, J., Bourdu, R., & Mikolajczak, M. (2013). The profile of emotional competence (pec): development and validation of a self-reported measure that fits dimensions of emotional competence theory. PLoS ONE, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062635
Brito, C. C., & Oliveira, M. T. (2013). Bullying and self-esteem in adolescents from public schools. Jornal de Pediatria, 89(6), 601–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPED.2013.04.001
Bochkareva, E. V., & Strenin, D. A. (2021). Theoretical and legal aspects of cyberbulling. Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal= Russian Journal of Criminology, 15(1), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(1).91-97
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. Freeman and Company.
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. J Res Nurs, 25(8):652-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504.
Cuadrado–Gordillo, I., & Fernández–Antelo, I. (2014). Cyberspace as a generator of changes in the aggressive–victim role. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.070
Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Arseneault, L., & Caspi, A. (2012). Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: Longitudinal cohort study. BMJ (Online), 344(7855), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2683
Foulkes L, Blakemore SJ. (2016). Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40: 81–85
Hasan, U. R., Nur, F., Rahman, U., Suharti, S., & Damayanti, E. (2021). Self regulation, harga diri, dan self concept berpengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar matematika peserta didik. ANARGYA: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Matematika, 4(1), 38-45. https://jurnal.umk.ac.id/index.php/anargya/article/download/5715/2593
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press
Hayes, A. F., & Scharkow, M. (2013). The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: Does method really matter? Psychological Science, 24(10), 1918–1927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613480187
Hurlock, E. B. (2002). Psikologi perkembangan: Suatu pendekatan sepanjang rentang kehidupan cetakan ke-5. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Jianhua Zhou, Xiaoyu Li, Lili Tian, E. Scott Huebner. (2018). Longitudinal association between low self-esteem and depression in early adolescents: The role of rejection sensitivity and loneliness. Psychology and Psychoterapy. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12207
Jimenez, A. L., Banaag, C. G., Arcenas, A. M. A., & Hugo, L. V. (2023). Adolescent development. In Springer eBooks (pp. 1–43). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_106-1
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Lam CB, McHale SM, Crouter AC. (2014). Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: developmental course and adjustment correlates. Child Dev, 85: 1677–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12235
Liu, F., Yang, Y., Lin, P., Xiao, Y., Sun, Y., Fei, G.,& Zhang, X. (2024). Associated factors and patterns of school bullying among school-aged adolescents in China: A latent class analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 156, 107348.
Lee, A. R., Son, S. M., & Kim, K. K. (2016). Information and communication technology overload and social networking service fatigue: A stress perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2015.08.011
Lee, D. S., & Way, B. M. (2019). Perceived social support and chronic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem. Health Psychology, 38(6), 563–566. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000746
Lee, J., Abell, N., & Holmes, J. L. (2017). Validation of measures of cyberbullying perpetration and victimization in emerging adulthood. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(4), 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515578535
Lei, H., Mao, W., Cheong, C. M., Wen, Y., Cui, Y., & Cai, Z. (2020). The relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying: A meta-analysis of children and youth students. Current Psychology, 39(3), 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00407-6
Llorent, V. J., Diaz-Chaves, A., Zych, I., Twardowska-Staszek, E., & Marín-López, I. (2021). Bullying and cyberbullying in Spain and Poland, and their relation to social, emotional and moral competencies. School Mental Health, 13(3), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09473-3
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological methods, 7(1), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83
Martinez-Pecino, R., & Garcia-Gavilán, M. (2019). Likes and problematic Instagram use: The moderating role of self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6), 412–416. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0701
Guerra-Bustamante, J., Yuste-Tosina, R., Lopez-Ramos, Víctor M.Y., Mendo-Lazaro, S. (2021). Efecto modelador de la competencia emocional en los perfiles de ciberacoso. Anal. Psicol, 37(2),202-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.37.2.338071.
Marín-López, I., Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Hunter, S. C., & Llorent, V. J. (2020). Relations among online emotional content use, social and emotional competencies and cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104647
Modecki, K.L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A.G., Guerra, N.G., Runions, K.C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Megawati, F. E., & Wulandari, I. (2020). The Differences in Emotional Competence Between Local Students and Migrant Students. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (Vol. 395, p. 94-98). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.021
Meisyah, S. I., & Cahyanti, I. Y. (2022). Pengaruh parent attachment terhadap self-esteem remaja yang orangtuanya bercerai. Berajah Journal, 2(3), 639–646. https://doi.org/10.47353/bj.v2i3.141
Na, J. Y., Wilkinson, K., Karny, M., Blackstone, S., & Stifter, C. (2016). A synthesis of relevant literature on the development of emotional competence: Implications for design of augmentative and alternative communication systems. American journal of speech-language pathology, 25(3), 441–452. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016AJSLP-14-0124
Nielsen, M. B., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Matthiesen, S. B., & Magerøy, N. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AVB.2015.01.001
Olenik-Shemesh, D., Heiman, T., & Eden, S. (2012). Cyberbullying victimisation in adolescence: Relationships with loneliness and depressive mood. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17(3–4), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704227
Ong, S. H., Tan, Y. R., Khong, J. Z., Elliott, J. M., Sourander, A., & Fung, D. S. (2021). Psychosocial difficulties and help-seeking behaviors in Singapore adolescents involved in cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(11), 737-744. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0630
Onwubiko, E. C. (2020). A study on the relationship between self-esteem and emotional intelligence among librarians in Nigerian Universities. Library Philosophy and Practice, December, 1–22. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/4654
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: a preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and non-traditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory. Youth and Society, 43(2), 727-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10366951
Pawar, R., & Raje, R. R. (2019, May). Multilingual cyberbullying detection system. In 2019 IEEE international conference on electro information technology (EIT) (pp. 040-044). IEEE.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 36, 717-731. https://quantpsy.org/pubs/preacherhayes2004.pdf
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(4), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2009.07.009
Rivara, F., & Le Menestrel, S. (2016). Preventing bullying through science, policy, and practice. In Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy, and Practice.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press https://doi.org/10.17226/23482
Rosenberg, M., & Winch, R. f. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Psychology, 2(44), 255. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mYkhAQAAMAAJ
Rosenberg, M. (2015). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton university press.
Santrock J. W. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Septian, F. (2018). Hubungan harga diri dan regulasi diri dengan prokratinasi akademik pada mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. [Unpublished thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(4), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Tajpreet, K., & Maheshwari, S. K. (2015). Relationship of emotional intelligence with self-esteem among adolescents. Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-1505.240278
Takizawa, R., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L. (2014). Adult health outcomes of childhood bullying victimization: Evidence from a five-decade longitudinal British birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 777–784. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101401
TimSejiwa. (2008). Bullying: Panduan bagi orang tua dan guru mengatasi kekerasan di sekolah dan lingkungan. Jakarta: Grasindo.
Tozun, M. (2018). Cyber bullying and its effects on adolescent and youth health. Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine, 9(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.4328/jcam.5426
Vibhor, J., Smrita, J., & Prachi, R. (2020). An analysis for role of emotional intelligence in career success in commercial banks of India. Revista ESPACIOS, 41(5) 10-20. http://www.1.revistaespacios.com/a20v41n05/a20v41n05p10.pdf
Volk, A. A., Camilleri, J. A., Dane, A. V., & Marini, Z. A. (2012). Is adolescent bullying an evolutionary adaptation? Aggressive Behavior, 38(3), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21418
Walters, G. D., & Espelage, D. L. (2018). From victim to victimizer: Hostility, anger, and depression as mediators of the bullying victimization–bullying perpetration association. Journal of school psychology, 68, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.12.003
Wang, H., Bragg, F., Guan, Y., Zhong, J., Li, N., & Yu, M. (2023). Association of bullying victimization with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among school students: A school-based study in Zhejiang Province, China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 323, 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2022.11.087
Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T. (2015). Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(9), 879–885. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667
Wood, J. V., & Forest, A. L. (2016). Self-protective yet self-defeating: The paradox of low self-esteem people’s self-disclosures. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1st ed., Vol. 53). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.10.001
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Irsyad Mauludi, Siti Suminarti Fasikhah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan agree to the following terms:
- For all articles published in Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, copyright is retained by the authors. Authors give permission to the publisher to announce the work with conditions. When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the publishing right to the publisher.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.