Penerapan Teknik Shaping untuk meningkatkan durasi on-task behavior pada anak dengan masalah atensi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v7i2.9051Keywords:
Shaping, On-Task Behavior, Attentional DisorderAbstract
Abstrak. Kemampuan mempertahankan atensi terlihat pada on-task behavior, dimana anak mampu mengerjakan tugas tanpa melakukan kegiatan lain yang tidak berkaitan. On-task behavior menjadi target perilaku yang ingin diintervensi pada S, anak laki-laki berusia 4 tahun 5 bulan dengan diagnosa Attentional Disorder (ICDL-DMIC). Berdasarkan pemeriksaan, rentang atensinya berada dibawah taraf rata-rata anak seusianya dan terlihat dari kesulitannya dalam menyelesaikan kegiatan. Penelitian single-subject ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas dari penerapan teknik shaping dalam meningkatkan durasi on-task behavior pada anak dengan masalah atensi, dengan hipotesa teknik shaping mampu meningkatkan durasi on-task behavior. Terdapat peningkatan durasi saat intervensi diberikan. Dalam intervensi ini, orangtua memiliki peran besar sebagai pemberi prompt dan reinforcement untuk mempermudah proses generalisasi.
Kata Kunci: Shaping, On-Task Behavior, Attentional Disorder
Abstract. The ability to maintain attention is seen from on-task behavior, when child can do a task without do other unrelated activities. On-task behavior is the targeted behavior to intervene from S, a 4 years 5 months old boy with a diagnosis Attentional Disorder (ICDL-DMIC). Based on asssessment, S has shorter duration of attention than the expected duration of his age and shown on his difficulties in finishing any activities. This single-subject research aims to examine the effectiveness of the application of shaping technique in increasing the duration of on-task behavior, and hypothesized that it’s application will increase on-task behavior’s duration. The result shows that there is an increase in on-task behavior’s duration. In this research, parents took a bigger role as prompt and reinforcer giver to ease the process of generalization.
Keywords: Shaping, On-Task Behavior, Attentional Disorder
Downloads
References
Allday, R. A., & Pakurar, K. (2007). Effects of teacher greetings on student on-task behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(2), 317–320.
Amsterlaw, J., Meltzoff, A. N., & Lagattuta, K. H. (2009). Young children's reasoning about the effects of emotional and physiological states on academic performance. Child Development , 80 (1), 115-133.
Beserra, V., Nussbaum, M., & Oteo, M. (2017). On-Task and Off-Task Behavior in the Classroom: A Study on Mathematics Learning With Educational Video Games. Journal of Educational Computing Research , 1-23.
Blair, C. (2003). Self-Regulation and School Readiness. Elementary and Early Childhood Education.
Cirelli, C. A., Sidener, T. M., Reeve, K. F., & Reeve, S. A. (2016). Using activity schedules to increase on-task behavior in children at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Education and Treatment of Children , 39 (3), 283-300.
DeGangi, G. A. (2017). Problems of Self-Regulation in Children: A Longitudinal Case Study of a Child from Infancy to Adulthood. Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry, 7 (2).
Fisher, A. V., Godwin, K. E., & Seltman, H. (2014). Visual Environment, Attention Allocation, and Learning in Young Children. Psychological Science, 25(7), 1362-1370. doi:10.1177/0956797614533801
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education (7thed.). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill.
Godwin, K., Almeda, V., Petroccia, M., Baker, R., & Fisher, A. (2013). Classroom activities and off-task behavior in elementary school children. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 35. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mx9h5hq
Graham-Day, K. J., Gardner, R., & Hsin, Y.-W. (2010). Increasing On-Task Behaviors of High School Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Is it Enough. Education and Treatment of Children , 33 (2), 205-221.
Karweit, N., & Slavin, R. E. (1982). Time-on-task: Issues of timing, sampling, and definition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(6), 844–851.
Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M & Shadish, W. R. (2010). Single-case designs technical documentation. Diakses pada tanggal 23 Juni 2019 dari http://fxinstructionaldesign.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/86389867/WWC%20-%20Single%20case%20design%20technical%20documentation%20Kratochwill%202010.pdf
Mahoney, G., & Wiggers, B. (2007). The Role of Parents in Early Intervention: Implications for Social Work. Children & School .
Martin, G., & Pear, J. (2015). Behavior Modification: What It Is and How To Do It. Pearson.
Miller, L. J., Anzalone, M., Cermak, S. A., Lane, S. J., Osten, B., Wieder, S., et al. (2005). Diagnostic Manual For Infancy and Early Childhood: ICDL-DMIC. Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental and Learning Disorder.
Miltenberger, R. G. (2012). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures (5th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Nasa, A. F., Pudjiati, S. R., & Tjakrawiralaksana, M. A. (2017). Application of a Shaping Technique to Increase On-Task Behavior Duration in Children with ADHD. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research , 135, 149-165.
Neville, H. F. (2007). Is This A Phase?: Child Development & Parent Strategies Birth to 6 Years. Seattle: Parenting Press.
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Educating the human brain. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Santrock, J. W. (2011). Child Development (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Zentall, S. S. (2005). theory- and evidence-based strategies for children with attentional problems. Psychology in the Schools , 42 (8).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan agree to the following terms:
- For all articles published in Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, copyright is retained by the authors. Authors give permission to the publisher to announce the work with conditions. When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the publishing right to the publisher.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.